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NCHS Data top article Brief kamagra oral jelly online No. 286, September 2017PDF Versionpdf icon (374 KB)Anjel Vahratian, Ph.D.Key findingsData from the National Health Interview Survey, 2015Among those aged 40–59, perimenopausal women (56.0%) were more likely than postmenopausal (40.5%) and premenopausal (32.5%) women to sleep less than 7 hours, on average, in a 24-hour period.Postmenopausal women aged 40–59 were more likely than premenopausal women aged 40–59 to have trouble falling asleep (27.1% compared with 16.8%, respectively), and staying asleep (35.9% compared with 23.7%), four times or more in the past week.Postmenopausal women aged 40–59 (55.1%) were more likely than premenopausal women aged 40–59 (47.0%) to not wake up feeling well rested 4 days or more in the past week.Sleep duration and quality are important contributors to health and wellness. Insufficient sleep is associated with an increased risk for chronic conditions such as cardiovascular kamagra oral jelly online disease (1) and diabetes (2). Women may be particularly vulnerable to sleep problems during times of reproductive hormonal change, such as after the menopausal transition.

Menopause is “the permanent cessation of menstruation that occurs after the kamagra oral jelly online loss of ovarian activity” (3). This data brief describes sleep duration and sleep quality among nonpregnant women aged 40–59 by menopausal status. The age range selected for this analysis reflects the focus on midlife sleep health. In this kamagra oral jelly online analysis, 74.2% of women are premenopausal, 3.7% are perimenopausal, and 22.1% are postmenopausal.

Keywords. Insufficient sleep, menopause, National Health Interview Survey Perimenopausal women were more likely than premenopausal and postmenopausal women to kamagra oral jelly online sleep less than 7 hours, on average, in a 24-hour period.More than one in three nonpregnant women aged 40–59 slept less than 7 hours, on average, in a 24-hour period (35.1%) (Figure 1). Perimenopausal women were most likely to sleep less than 7 hours, on average, in a 24-hour period (56.0%), compared with 32.5% of premenopausal and 40.5% of postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal women were significantly more likely than premenopausal women to sleep less than 7 hours, on average, in a 24-hour period.

Figure 1 kamagra oral jelly online. Percentage of nonpregnant women aged 40–59 who slept less than 7 hours, on average, in a 24-hour period, by menopausal status. United States, 2015image icon1Significant quadratic trend by menopausal status (p kamagra oral jelly online <. 0.05).NOTES.

Women were postmenopausal if they had gone without a menstrual cycle for more than 1 year or were in surgical menopause after the removal of their ovaries. Women were perimenopausal if they no longer had a menstrual cycle kamagra oral jelly online and their last menstrual cycle was 1 year ago or less. Women were premenopausal if they still had a menstrual cycle. Access data table for Figure 1pdf icon.SOURCE kamagra oral jelly online.

NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2015. The percentage of women aged 40–59 who had trouble falling asleep four times or more in the past week varied by menopausal status.Nearly one in five nonpregnant women aged 40–59 had trouble falling asleep four times or more in the past week kamagra oral jelly online (19.4%) (Figure 2). The percentage of women in this age group who had trouble falling asleep four times or more in the past week increased from 16.8% among premenopausal women to 24.7% among perimenopausal and 27.1% among postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal women were significantly more likely than premenopausal women to have trouble falling asleep four times or more in the past week.

Figure 2 kamagra oral jelly online. Percentage of nonpregnant women aged 40–59 who had trouble falling asleep four times or more in the past week, by menopausal status. United States, 2015image icon1Significant linear trend by kamagra oral jelly online menopausal status (p <. 0.05).NOTES.

Women were postmenopausal if they had gone without a menstrual cycle for more than 1 year or were in surgical menopause after the removal of their ovaries. Women were perimenopausal kamagra oral jelly online if they no longer had a menstrual cycle and their last menstrual cycle was 1 year ago or less. Women were premenopausal if they still had a menstrual cycle. Access data table for kamagra oral jelly online Figure 2pdf icon.SOURCE.

NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2015. The percentage of women aged 40–59 who had trouble staying asleep four times or more in the past week varied by menopausal status.More than one in four nonpregnant women aged 40–59 had trouble staying asleep four times or more in the past week (26.7%) (Figure 3) kamagra oral jelly online. The percentage of women aged 40–59 who had trouble staying asleep four times or more in the past week increased from 23.7% among premenopausal, to 30.8% among perimenopausal, and to 35.9% among postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal women were significantly more likely than premenopausal women to have trouble staying asleep four times or more in the past week.

Figure 3 kamagra oral jelly online. Percentage of nonpregnant women aged 40–59 who had trouble staying asleep four times or more in the past week, by menopausal status. United States, kamagra oral jelly online 2015image icon1Significant linear trend by menopausal status (p <. 0.05).NOTES.

Women were postmenopausal if they had gone without a menstrual cycle for more than 1 year or were in surgical menopause after the removal of their ovaries. Women were perimenopausal if they no longer had a menstrual cycle and their last kamagra oral jelly online menstrual cycle was 1 year ago or less. Women were premenopausal if they still had a menstrual cycle. Access data kamagra oral jelly online table for Figure 3pdf icon.SOURCE.

NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2015. The percentage of women aged 40–59 who did not wake up feeling well rested 4 days or more in the past week varied by menopausal status.Nearly one in two nonpregnant women aged 40–59 did not wake up feeling well rested 4 days or more in the past week (48.9%) (Figure 4). The percentage of women in this age group who did not wake up feeling well rested 4 days or more in the past week increased from kamagra oral jelly online 47.0% among premenopausal women to 49.9% among perimenopausal and 55.1% among postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal women were significantly more likely than premenopausal women to not wake up feeling well rested 4 days or more in the past week.

Figure 4 kamagra oral jelly online. Percentage of nonpregnant women aged 40–59 who did not wake up feeling well rested 4 days or more in the past week, by menopausal status. United States, 2015image icon1Significant linear trend by menopausal status (p <. 0.05).NOTES.

Women were postmenopausal if they had gone without a menstrual cycle for more than 1 year or were in surgical menopause after the removal of their ovaries. Women were perimenopausal if they no longer had a menstrual cycle and their last menstrual cycle was 1 year ago or less. Women were premenopausal if they still had a menstrual cycle. Access data table for Figure 4pdf icon.SOURCE.

NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2015. SummaryThis report describes sleep duration and sleep quality among U.S. Nonpregnant women aged 40–59 by menopausal status. Perimenopausal women were most likely to sleep less than 7 hours, on average, in a 24-hour period compared with premenopausal and postmenopausal women.

In contrast, postmenopausal women were most likely to have poor-quality sleep. A greater percentage of postmenopausal women had frequent trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, and not waking well rested compared with premenopausal women. The percentage of perimenopausal women with poor-quality sleep was between the percentages for the other two groups in all three categories. Sleep duration changes with advancing age (4), but sleep duration and quality are also influenced by concurrent changes in women’s reproductive hormone levels (5).

Because sleep is critical for optimal health and well-being (6), the findings in this report highlight areas for further research and targeted health promotion. DefinitionsMenopausal status. A three-level categorical variable was created from a series of questions that asked women. 1) “How old were you when your periods or menstrual cycles started?.

€. 2) “Do you still have periods or menstrual cycles?. €. 3) “When did you have your last period or menstrual cycle?.

€. And 4) “Have you ever had both ovaries removed, either as part of a hysterectomy or as one or more separate surgeries?. € Women were postmenopausal if they a) had gone without a menstrual cycle for more than 1 year or b) were in surgical menopause after the removal of their ovaries. Women were perimenopausal if they a) no longer had a menstrual cycle and b) their last menstrual cycle was 1 year ago or less.

Premenopausal women still had a menstrual cycle.Not waking feeling well rested. Determined by respondents who answered 3 days or less on the questionnaire item asking, “In the past week, on how many days did you wake up feeling well rested?. €Short sleep duration. Determined by respondents who answered 6 hours or less on the questionnaire item asking, “On average, how many hours of sleep do you get in a 24-hour period?.

€Trouble falling asleep. Determined by respondents who answered four times or more on the questionnaire item asking, “In the past week, how many times did you have trouble falling asleep?. €Trouble staying asleep. Determined by respondents who answered four times or more on the questionnaire item asking, “In the past week, how many times did you have trouble staying asleep?.

€ Data source and methodsData from the 2015 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) were used for this analysis. NHIS is a multipurpose health survey conducted continuously throughout the year by the National Center for Health Statistics. Interviews are conducted in person in respondents’ homes, but follow-ups to complete interviews may be conducted over the telephone. Data for this analysis came from the Sample Adult core and cancer supplement sections of the 2015 NHIS.

For more information about NHIS, including the questionnaire, visit the NHIS website.All analyses used weights to produce national estimates. Estimates on sleep duration and quality in this report are nationally representative of the civilian, noninstitutionalized nonpregnant female population aged 40–59 living in households across the United States. The sample design is described in more detail elsewhere (7). Point estimates and their estimated variances were calculated using SUDAAN software (8) to account for the complex sample design of NHIS.

Linear and quadratic trend tests of the estimated proportions across menopausal status were tested in SUDAAN via PROC DESCRIPT using the POLY option. Differences between percentages were evaluated using two-sided significance tests at the 0.05 level. About the authorAnjel Vahratian is with the National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Health Interview Statistics. The author gratefully acknowledges the assistance of Lindsey Black in the preparation of this report.

ReferencesFord ES. Habitual sleep duration and predicted 10-year cardiovascular risk using the pooled cohort risk equations among US adults. J Am Heart Assoc 3(6):e001454. 2014.Ford ES, Wheaton AG, Chapman DP, Li C, Perry GS, Croft JB.

Associations between self-reported sleep duration and sleeping disorder with concentrations of fasting and 2-h glucose, insulin, and glycosylated hemoglobin among adults without diagnosed diabetes. J Diabetes 6(4):338–50. 2014.American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. ACOG Practice Bulletin No.

141. Management of menopausal symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 123(1):202–16. 2014.Black LI, Nugent CN, Adams PF.

Tables of adult health behaviors, sleep. National Health Interview Survey, 2011–2014pdf icon. 2016.Santoro N. Perimenopause.

From research to practice. J Women’s Health (Larchmt) 25(4):332–9. 2016.Watson NF, Badr MS, Belenky G, Bliwise DL, Buxton OM, Buysse D, et al. Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult.

A joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society. J Clin Sleep Med 11(6):591–2. 2015.Parsons VL, Moriarity C, Jonas K, et al. Design and estimation for the National Health Interview Survey, 2006–2015.

National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2(165). 2014.RTI International. SUDAAN (Release 11.0.0) [computer software].

2012. Suggested citationVahratian A. Sleep duration and quality among women aged 40–59, by menopausal status. NCHS data brief, no 286.

Hyattsville, MD. National Center for Health Statistics. 2017.Copyright informationAll material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied without permission. Citation as to source, however, is appreciated.National Center for Health StatisticsCharles J.

Rothwell, M.S., M.B.A., DirectorJennifer H. Madans, Ph.D., Associate Director for ScienceDivision of Health Interview StatisticsMarcie L. Cynamon, DirectorStephen J. Blumberg, Ph.D., Associate Director for Science.

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NCHS Data kamagra tablets uk Brief No. 286, September 2017PDF Versionpdf icon (374 KB)Anjel Vahratian, Ph.D.Key findingsData from the National Health Interview Survey, 2015Among those aged 40–59, perimenopausal women (56.0%) were more likely than postmenopausal (40.5%) and premenopausal (32.5%) women to sleep less than 7 hours, on average, in a 24-hour period.Postmenopausal women aged 40–59 were more likely than premenopausal women aged 40–59 to have trouble falling asleep (27.1% compared with 16.8%, respectively), and staying asleep (35.9% compared with 23.7%), four times or more in the past week.Postmenopausal women aged 40–59 (55.1%) were more likely than premenopausal women aged 40–59 (47.0%) to not wake up feeling well rested 4 days or more in the past week.Sleep duration and quality are important contributors to health and wellness. Insufficient sleep is associated with an increased risk for chronic kamagra tablets uk conditions such as cardiovascular disease (1) and diabetes (2). Women may be particularly vulnerable to sleep problems during times of reproductive hormonal change, such as after the menopausal transition.

Menopause is “the permanent cessation of menstruation that occurs after the loss kamagra tablets uk of ovarian activity” (3). This data brief describes sleep duration and sleep quality among nonpregnant women aged 40–59 by menopausal status. The age range selected for this analysis reflects the focus on midlife sleep health. In this analysis, 74.2% of kamagra tablets uk women are premenopausal, 3.7% are perimenopausal, and 22.1% are postmenopausal.

Keywords. Insufficient sleep, menopause, National Health Interview Survey Perimenopausal women were more likely than premenopausal and postmenopausal kamagra tablets uk women to sleep less than 7 hours, on average, in a 24-hour period.More than one in three nonpregnant women aged 40–59 slept less than 7 hours, on average, in a 24-hour period (35.1%) (Figure 1). Perimenopausal women were most likely to sleep less than 7 hours, on average, in a 24-hour period (56.0%), compared with 32.5% of premenopausal and 40.5% of postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal women were significantly more likely than premenopausal women to sleep less than 7 hours, on average, in a 24-hour period.

Figure 1 kamagra tablets uk. Percentage of nonpregnant women aged 40–59 who slept less than 7 hours, on average, in a 24-hour period, by menopausal status. United States, 2015image icon1Significant quadratic trend kamagra tablets uk by menopausal status (p <. 0.05).NOTES.

Women were postmenopausal if they had gone without a menstrual cycle for more than 1 year or were in surgical menopause after the removal of their ovaries. Women were perimenopausal if they no longer had a menstrual cycle and their kamagra tablets uk last menstrual cycle was 1 year ago or less. Women were premenopausal if they still had a menstrual cycle. Access data kamagra tablets uk table for Figure 1pdf icon.SOURCE.

NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2015. The percentage of women aged 40–59 who had trouble falling asleep kamagra tablets uk four times or more in the past week varied by menopausal status.Nearly one in five nonpregnant women aged 40–59 had trouble falling asleep four times or more in the past week (19.4%) (Figure 2). The percentage of women in this age group who had trouble falling asleep four times or more in the past week increased from 16.8% among premenopausal women to 24.7% among perimenopausal and 27.1% among postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal women were significantly more likely than premenopausal women to have trouble falling asleep four times or more in the past week.

Figure 2 kamagra tablets uk. Percentage of nonpregnant women aged 40–59 who had trouble falling asleep four times or more in the past week, by menopausal status. United States, kamagra tablets uk 2015image icon1Significant linear trend by menopausal status (p <. 0.05).NOTES.

Women were postmenopausal if they had gone without a menstrual cycle for more than 1 year or were in surgical menopause after the removal of their ovaries. Women were perimenopausal if they no longer had a menstrual cycle and kamagra tablets uk their last menstrual cycle was 1 year ago or less. Women were premenopausal if they still had a menstrual cycle. Access data table for Figure kamagra tablets uk 2pdf icon.SOURCE.

NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2015. The percentage of women kamagra tablets uk aged 40–59 who had trouble staying asleep four times or more in the past week varied by menopausal status.More than one in four nonpregnant women aged 40–59 had trouble staying asleep four times or more in the past week (26.7%) (Figure 3). The percentage of women aged 40–59 who had trouble staying asleep four times or more in the past week increased from 23.7% among premenopausal, to 30.8% among perimenopausal, and to 35.9% among postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal women were significantly more likely than premenopausal women to have trouble staying asleep four times or more in the past week.

Figure 3 kamagra tablets uk. Percentage of nonpregnant women aged 40–59 who had trouble staying asleep four times or more in the past week, by menopausal status. United States, 2015image icon1Significant linear trend by menopausal status (p kamagra tablets uk <. 0.05).NOTES.

Women were postmenopausal if they had gone without a menstrual cycle for more than 1 year or were in surgical menopause after the removal of their ovaries. Women were perimenopausal if they no longer had a menstrual kamagra tablets uk cycle and their last menstrual cycle was 1 year ago or less. Women were premenopausal if they still had a menstrual cycle. Access data table kamagra tablets uk for Figure 3pdf icon.SOURCE.

NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2015. The percentage of women aged 40–59 who did not wake up feeling well rested 4 days or more in the past week varied by menopausal status.Nearly one in two nonpregnant women aged 40–59 did not wake up feeling well rested 4 days or more in the past week (48.9%) (Figure 4). The percentage of women in this age group who did not wake up feeling well rested 4 days kamagra tablets uk or more in the past week increased from 47.0% among premenopausal women to 49.9% among perimenopausal and 55.1% among postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal women were significantly more likely than premenopausal women to not wake up feeling well rested 4 days or more in the past week.

Figure 4 kamagra tablets uk. Percentage of nonpregnant women aged 40–59 who did not wake up feeling well rested 4 days or more in the past week, by menopausal status. United States, 2015image icon1Significant linear trend by menopausal status (p <. 0.05).NOTES.

Women were postmenopausal if they had gone without a menstrual cycle for more than 1 year or were in surgical menopause after the removal of their ovaries. Women were perimenopausal if they no longer had a menstrual cycle and their last menstrual cycle was 1 year ago or less. Women were premenopausal if they still had a menstrual cycle. Access data table for Figure 4pdf icon.SOURCE.

NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2015. SummaryThis report describes sleep duration and sleep quality among U.S. Nonpregnant women aged 40–59 by menopausal status. Perimenopausal women were most likely to sleep less than 7 hours, on average, in a 24-hour period compared with premenopausal and postmenopausal women.

In contrast, postmenopausal women were most likely to have poor-quality sleep. A greater percentage of postmenopausal women had frequent trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, and not waking well rested compared with premenopausal women. The percentage of perimenopausal women with poor-quality sleep was between the percentages for the other two groups in all three categories. Sleep duration changes with advancing age (4), but sleep duration and quality are also influenced by concurrent changes in women’s reproductive hormone levels (5).

Because sleep is critical for optimal health and well-being (6), the findings in this report highlight areas for further research and targeted health promotion. DefinitionsMenopausal status. A three-level categorical variable was created from a series of questions that asked women. 1) “How old were you when your periods or menstrual cycles started?.

€. 2) “Do you still have periods or menstrual cycles?. €. 3) “When did you have your last period or menstrual cycle?.

€. And 4) “Have you ever had both ovaries removed, either as part of a hysterectomy or as one or more separate surgeries?. € Women were postmenopausal if they a) had gone without a menstrual cycle for more than 1 year or b) were in surgical menopause after the removal of their ovaries. Women were perimenopausal if they a) no longer had a menstrual cycle and b) their last menstrual cycle was 1 year ago or less.

Premenopausal women still had a menstrual cycle.Not waking feeling well rested. Determined by respondents who answered 3 days or less on the questionnaire item asking, “In the past week, on how many days did you wake up feeling well rested?. €Short sleep duration. Determined by respondents who answered 6 hours or less on the questionnaire item asking, “On average, how many hours of sleep do you get in a 24-hour period?.

€Trouble falling asleep. Determined by respondents who answered four times or more on the questionnaire item asking, “In the past week, how many times did you have trouble falling asleep?. €Trouble staying asleep. Determined by respondents who answered four times or more on the questionnaire item asking, “In the past week, how many times did you have trouble staying asleep?.

€ Data source and methodsData from the 2015 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) were used for this analysis. NHIS is a multipurpose health survey conducted continuously throughout the year by the National Center for Health Statistics. Interviews are conducted in person in respondents’ homes, but follow-ups to complete interviews may be conducted over the telephone. Data for this analysis came from the Sample Adult core and cancer supplement sections of the 2015 NHIS.

For more information about NHIS, including the questionnaire, visit the NHIS website.All analyses used weights to produce national estimates. Estimates on sleep duration and quality in this report are nationally representative of the civilian, noninstitutionalized nonpregnant female population aged 40–59 living in households across the United States. The sample design is described in more detail elsewhere (7). Point estimates and their estimated variances were calculated using SUDAAN software (8) to account for the complex sample design of NHIS.

Linear and quadratic trend tests of the estimated proportions across menopausal status were tested in SUDAAN via PROC DESCRIPT using the POLY option. Differences between percentages were evaluated using two-sided significance tests at the 0.05 level. About the authorAnjel Vahratian is with the National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Health Interview Statistics. The author gratefully acknowledges the assistance of Lindsey Black in the preparation of this report.

ReferencesFord ES. Habitual sleep duration and predicted 10-year cardiovascular risk using the pooled cohort risk equations among US adults. J Am Heart Assoc 3(6):e001454. 2014.Ford ES, Wheaton AG, Chapman DP, Li C, Perry GS, Croft JB.

Associations between self-reported sleep duration and sleeping disorder with concentrations of fasting and 2-h glucose, insulin, and glycosylated hemoglobin among adults without diagnosed diabetes. J Diabetes 6(4):338–50. 2014.American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. ACOG Practice Bulletin No.

141. Management of menopausal symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 123(1):202–16. 2014.Black LI, Nugent CN, Adams PF.

Tables of adult health behaviors, sleep. National Health Interview Survey, 2011–2014pdf icon. 2016.Santoro N. Perimenopause.

From research to practice. J Women’s Health (Larchmt) 25(4):332–9. 2016.Watson NF, Badr MS, Belenky G, Bliwise DL, Buxton OM, Buysse D, et al. Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult.

A joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society. J Clin Sleep Med 11(6):591–2. 2015.Parsons VL, Moriarity C, Jonas K, et al. Design and estimation for the National Health Interview Survey, 2006–2015.

National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2(165). 2014.RTI International. SUDAAN (Release 11.0.0) [computer software].

2012. Suggested citationVahratian A. Sleep duration and quality among women aged 40–59, by menopausal status. NCHS data brief, no 286.

Hyattsville, MD. National Center for Health Statistics. 2017.Copyright informationAll material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied without permission. Citation as to source, however, is appreciated.National Center for Health StatisticsCharles J.

Rothwell, M.S., M.B.A., DirectorJennifer H. Madans, Ph.D., Associate Director for ScienceDivision of Health Interview StatisticsMarcie L. Cynamon, DirectorStephen J. Blumberg, Ph.D., Associate Director for Science.

NCHS Data you could check here Brief kamagra oral jelly online No. 286, September 2017PDF Versionpdf icon (374 KB)Anjel Vahratian, Ph.D.Key findingsData from the National Health Interview Survey, 2015Among those aged 40–59, perimenopausal women (56.0%) were more likely than postmenopausal (40.5%) and premenopausal (32.5%) women to sleep less than 7 hours, on average, in a 24-hour period.Postmenopausal women aged 40–59 were more likely than premenopausal women aged 40–59 to have trouble falling asleep (27.1% compared with 16.8%, respectively), and staying asleep (35.9% compared with 23.7%), four times or more in the past week.Postmenopausal women aged 40–59 (55.1%) were more likely than premenopausal women aged 40–59 (47.0%) to not wake up feeling well rested 4 days or more in the past week.Sleep duration and quality are important contributors to health and wellness. Insufficient sleep is associated with an increased risk for chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease (1) and diabetes kamagra oral jelly online (2).

Women may be particularly vulnerable to sleep problems during times of reproductive hormonal change, such as after the menopausal transition. Menopause is “the permanent cessation of kamagra oral jelly online menstruation that occurs after the loss of ovarian activity” (3). This data brief describes sleep duration and sleep quality among nonpregnant women aged 40–59 by menopausal status.

The age range selected for this analysis reflects the focus on midlife sleep health. In this analysis, 74.2% of kamagra oral jelly online women are premenopausal, 3.7% are perimenopausal, and 22.1% are postmenopausal. Keywords.

Insufficient sleep, kamagra oral jelly online menopause, National Health Interview Survey Perimenopausal women were more likely than premenopausal and postmenopausal women to sleep less than 7 hours, on average, in a 24-hour period.More than one in three nonpregnant women aged 40–59 slept less than 7 hours, on average, in a 24-hour period (35.1%) (Figure 1). Perimenopausal women were most likely to sleep less than 7 hours, on average, in a 24-hour period (56.0%), compared with 32.5% of premenopausal and 40.5% of postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal women were significantly more likely than premenopausal women to sleep less than 7 hours, on average, in a 24-hour period.

Figure 1 kamagra oral jelly online. Percentage of nonpregnant women aged 40–59 who slept less than 7 hours, on average, in a 24-hour period, by menopausal status. United States, kamagra oral jelly online 2015image icon1Significant quadratic trend by menopausal status (p <.

0.05).NOTES. Women were postmenopausal if they had gone without a menstrual cycle for more than 1 year or were in surgical menopause after the removal of their ovaries. Women were perimenopausal if they no longer had a menstrual kamagra oral jelly online cycle and their last menstrual cycle was 1 year ago or less.

Women were premenopausal if they still had a menstrual cycle. Access data table for Figure kamagra oral jelly online 1pdf icon.SOURCE. NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2015.

The percentage of women aged 40–59 who had kamagra oral jelly online trouble falling asleep four times or more in the past week varied by menopausal status.Nearly one in five nonpregnant women aged 40–59 had trouble falling asleep four times or more in the past week (19.4%) (Figure 2). The percentage of women in this age group who had trouble falling asleep four times or more in the past week increased from 16.8% among premenopausal women to 24.7% among perimenopausal and 27.1% among postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal women were significantly more likely than premenopausal women to have trouble falling asleep four times or more in the past week.

Figure 2 kamagra oral jelly online. Percentage of nonpregnant women aged 40–59 who had trouble falling asleep four times or more in the past week, by menopausal status. United States, 2015image icon1Significant linear trend by menopausal kamagra oral jelly online status (p <.

0.05).NOTES. Women were postmenopausal if they had gone without a menstrual cycle for more than 1 year or were in surgical menopause after the removal of their ovaries. Women were perimenopausal if they no kamagra oral jelly online longer had a menstrual cycle and their last menstrual cycle was 1 year ago or less.

Women were premenopausal if they still had a menstrual cycle. Access data table for Figure 2pdf kamagra oral jelly online icon.SOURCE. NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2015.

The percentage of women aged 40–59 who had trouble staying asleep four times or more in the past week varied by menopausal status.More kamagra oral jelly online than one in four nonpregnant women aged 40–59 had trouble staying asleep four times or more in the past week (26.7%) (Figure 3). The percentage of women aged 40–59 who had trouble staying asleep four times or more in the past week increased from 23.7% among premenopausal, to 30.8% among perimenopausal, and to 35.9% among postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal women were significantly more likely than premenopausal women to have trouble staying asleep four times or more in the past week.

Figure 3 kamagra oral jelly online. Percentage of nonpregnant women aged 40–59 who had trouble staying asleep four times or more in the past week, by menopausal status. United States, 2015image icon1Significant kamagra oral jelly online linear trend by menopausal status (p <.

0.05).NOTES. Women were postmenopausal if they had gone without a menstrual cycle for more than 1 year or were in surgical menopause after the removal of their ovaries. Women were perimenopausal if they no longer had a kamagra oral jelly online menstrual cycle and their last menstrual cycle was 1 year ago or less.

Women were premenopausal if they still had a menstrual cycle. Access data table for Figure 3pdf kamagra oral jelly online icon.SOURCE. NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2015.

The percentage of women aged 40–59 who did not wake up feeling well rested 4 days or more in the past week varied by menopausal status.Nearly one in two nonpregnant women aged 40–59 did not wake up feeling well rested 4 days or more in the past week (48.9%) (Figure 4). The percentage of women in this age group who did not wake up feeling well rested kamagra oral jelly online 4 days or more in the past week increased from 47.0% among premenopausal women to 49.9% among perimenopausal and 55.1% among postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal women were significantly more likely than premenopausal women to not wake up feeling well rested 4 days or more in the past week.

Figure 4 kamagra oral jelly online. Percentage of nonpregnant women aged 40–59 who did not wake up feeling well rested 4 days or more in the past week, by menopausal status. United States, 2015image icon1Significant linear trend by menopausal status (p <.

0.05).NOTES. Women were postmenopausal if they had gone without a menstrual cycle for more than 1 year or were in surgical menopause after the removal of their ovaries. Women were perimenopausal if they no longer had a menstrual cycle and their last menstrual cycle was 1 year ago or less.

Women were premenopausal if they still had a menstrual cycle. Access data table for Figure 4pdf icon.SOURCE. NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2015.

SummaryThis report describes sleep duration and sleep quality among U.S. Nonpregnant women aged 40–59 by menopausal status. Perimenopausal women were most likely to sleep less than 7 hours, on average, in a 24-hour period compared with premenopausal and postmenopausal women.

In contrast, postmenopausal women were most likely to have poor-quality sleep. A greater percentage of postmenopausal women had frequent trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, and not waking well rested compared with premenopausal women. The percentage of perimenopausal women with poor-quality sleep was between the percentages for the other two groups in all three categories.

Sleep duration changes with advancing age (4), but sleep duration and quality are also influenced by concurrent changes in women’s reproductive hormone levels (5). Because sleep is critical for optimal health and well-being (6), the findings in this report highlight areas for further research and targeted health promotion. DefinitionsMenopausal status.

A three-level categorical variable was created from a series of questions that asked women. 1) “How old were you when your periods or menstrual cycles started?. €.

2) “Do you still have periods or menstrual cycles?. €. 3) “When did you have your last period or menstrual cycle?.

€. And 4) “Have you ever had both ovaries removed, either as part of a hysterectomy or as one or more separate surgeries?. € Women were postmenopausal if they a) had gone without a menstrual cycle for more than 1 year or b) were in surgical menopause after the removal of their ovaries.

Women were perimenopausal if they a) no longer had a menstrual cycle and b) their last menstrual cycle was 1 year ago or less. Premenopausal women still had a menstrual cycle.Not waking feeling well rested. Determined by respondents who answered 3 days or less on the questionnaire item asking, “In the past week, on how many days did you wake up feeling well rested?.

€Short sleep duration. Determined by respondents who answered 6 hours or less on the questionnaire item asking, “On average, how many hours of sleep do you get in a 24-hour period?. €Trouble falling asleep.

Determined by respondents who answered four times or more on the questionnaire item asking, “In the past week, how many times did you have trouble falling asleep?. €Trouble staying asleep. Determined by respondents who answered four times or more on the questionnaire item asking, “In the past week, how many times did you have trouble staying asleep?.

€ Data source and methodsData from the 2015 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) were used for this analysis. NHIS is a multipurpose health survey conducted continuously throughout the year by the National Center for Health Statistics. Interviews are conducted in person in respondents’ homes, but follow-ups to complete interviews may be conducted over the telephone.

Data for this analysis came from the Sample Adult core and cancer supplement sections of the 2015 NHIS. For more information about NHIS, including the questionnaire, visit the NHIS website.All analyses used weights to produce national estimates. Estimates on sleep duration and quality in this report are nationally representative of the civilian, noninstitutionalized nonpregnant female population aged 40–59 living in households across the United States.

The sample design is described in more detail elsewhere (7). Point estimates and their estimated variances were calculated using SUDAAN software (8) to account for the complex sample design of NHIS. Linear and quadratic trend tests of the estimated proportions across menopausal status were tested in SUDAAN via PROC DESCRIPT using the POLY option.

Differences between percentages were evaluated using two-sided significance tests at the 0.05 level. About the authorAnjel Vahratian is with the National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Health Interview Statistics. The author gratefully acknowledges the assistance of Lindsey Black in the preparation of this report.

ReferencesFord ES. Habitual sleep duration and predicted 10-year cardiovascular risk using the pooled cohort risk equations among US adults. J Am Heart Assoc 3(6):e001454.

2014.Ford ES, Wheaton AG, Chapman DP, Li C, Perry GS, Croft JB. Associations between self-reported sleep duration and sleeping disorder with concentrations of fasting and 2-h glucose, insulin, and glycosylated hemoglobin among adults without diagnosed diabetes. J Diabetes 6(4):338–50.

2014.American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 141.

Management of menopausal symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 123(1):202–16. 2014.Black LI, Nugent CN, Adams PF.

Tables of adult health behaviors, sleep. National Health Interview Survey, 2011–2014pdf icon. 2016.Santoro N.

Perimenopause. From research to practice. J Women’s Health (Larchmt) 25(4):332–9.

2016.Watson NF, Badr MS, Belenky G, Bliwise DL, Buxton OM, Buysse D, et al. Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult. A joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society.

J Clin Sleep Med 11(6):591–2. 2015.Parsons VL, Moriarity C, Jonas K, et al. Design and estimation for the National Health Interview Survey, 2006–2015.

National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2(165). 2014.RTI International.

SUDAAN (Release 11.0.0) [computer software]. 2012. Suggested citationVahratian A.

Sleep duration and quality among women aged 40–59, by menopausal status. NCHS data brief, no 286. Hyattsville, MD.

National Center for Health Statistics. 2017.Copyright informationAll material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied without permission. Citation as to source, however, is appreciated.National Center for Health StatisticsCharles J.

Rothwell, M.S., M.B.A., DirectorJennifer H. Madans, Ph.D., Associate Director for ScienceDivision of Health Interview StatisticsMarcie L. Cynamon, DirectorStephen J.

Blumberg, Ph.D., Associate Director for Science.

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The identity has been released of ajanta kamagra 100 chewable the driver of a tour bus headed from the Hudson Valley that crashed on the New Levitra for sale York Thruway about 25 miles west of Syracuse, sending 57 people to the hospital.The crash happened Saturday afternoon, Aug. 14 on westbound I-90 near Exit 40 (Weedsport) in Cayuga County when it exited the roadway for an unknown reason and rolled over ajanta kamagra 100 chewable onto the grassy shoulder, according to New York State Police.All 57 occupants, including the driver, were transported for injuries ranging from minor to serious. The bus had departed from the Poughkeepsie area on Saturday morning and was headed to Niagara Falls, according to state police.The driver has now been ID'd as Fermin P.

Vasquez, age 66, of Wingdale, in Dutchess County, state police said.Vasquez is one of ajanta kamagra 100 chewable approximately 26 people who were transported to Upstate Hospital for treatment of various injuries, police said. Approximately 26 other passengers of ajanta kamagra 100 chewable the bus were transported to Auburn Community Hospital and several others were transported to Crouse Hospital, according to police. The crash investigation is ongoing and anyone who may have witnessed the crash is asked to contact State Police Investigator Brad Holcomb at 315-539-3530.Further information will be released as it becomes available, police said.This continues to be a developing story.

Check back ajanta kamagra 100 chewable to Daily Voice for updates. Click here to sign up for Daily Voice's free daily emails and news alerts..

The identity has been Levitra for sale released of the driver of a tour bus headed from the Hudson Valley that crashed on kamagra oral jelly online the New York Thruway about 25 miles west of Syracuse, sending 57 people to the hospital.The crash happened Saturday afternoon, Aug. 14 on westbound I-90 near Exit 40 (Weedsport) in Cayuga County when it exited the roadway for an unknown reason and rolled over onto the grassy shoulder, according to New York State Police.All 57 occupants, including the kamagra oral jelly online driver, were transported for injuries ranging from minor to serious. The bus had departed from the Poughkeepsie area on Saturday morning and was headed to Niagara Falls, according to state police.The driver has now been ID'd as Fermin P. Vasquez, age 66, of Wingdale, in Dutchess County, state police said.Vasquez is one of approximately 26 people who were transported to Upstate Hospital for treatment of various injuries, police kamagra oral jelly online said. Approximately 26 other passengers of the bus were transported to kamagra oral jelly online Auburn Community Hospital and several others were transported to Crouse Hospital, according to police.

The crash investigation is ongoing and anyone who may have witnessed the crash is asked to contact State Police Investigator Brad Holcomb at 315-539-3530.Further information will be released as it becomes available, police said.This continues to be a developing story. Check back kamagra oral jelly online to Daily Voice for updates. Click here to sign up for Daily Voice's free daily emails and news alerts..

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There have been buy kamagra oral jelly thailand a proliferation of data on management of patients with http://www.campus-yspertal.at/veranstaltung-untersuchungen-von-haushaltsproben/ severe calcific aortic stenosis (AS) over the past decade. But, no matter how effective, safe and durable valve replacement turns out to be, we still are treating (or mitigating) only the end-stage of a lengthy disease process. Success in treating calcific AS should be defined as the ability buy kamagra oral jelly thailand to slow haemodynamic progression or, ultimately, entirely prevent disease in the valve leaflets.

In this issue of Heart, Lee and colleagues1 present intriguing data on the association between treatment with a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor and haemodynamic progression of AS in 212 patients (mean age about 73 years) with diabetes and mild-to-moderate AS. Patients taking a DPP-4 inhibitors with buy kamagra oral jelly thailand a potential favourable anti-calcification ability (such as linagliptin or gemigliptin), compared with those taking an unfavourable DPP-4 inhibitor (such as alogliptin, sitagliptin, or vildagliptin), had a smaller change in aortic velocity and less progression to severe AS (7.1% vs 29%, P −0.03) with an HR of 0.116 (95% CI 0.024 to 0.551, p=0.007) on Cox regression analysis after adjustment for age, baseline renal function and AS severity (figure 1).Changes of maximal transaortic valve velocity (A), mean (B) and peak (C) pressure gradient according to medications. Turkey’s method was used to make box plots.

DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4." data-icon-position data-hide-link-title="0">Figure 1 Changes of maximal transaortic valve velocity (A), mean (B) and peak (C) buy kamagra oral jelly thailand pressure gradient according to medications. Turkey’s method was used to make box plots. DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4.Bing and Dweck2 discuss the strengths and limitations of this study in an editorial and put these findings into the context of shared mechanisms between calcific AS and atherosclerosis, hypertension and osteoporosis, as well as diabetes (figure 2).

Bing and Dweck2 emphasise that observational association studies, such as the study by Lee and colleagues,1 buy kamagra oral jelly thailand are only hypothesis generating. €˜Truth will out—but in the case of disease-modifying medical therapy for aortic stenosis, where effect sizes may be small and mechanisms complex, only after an adequately powered and well-conducted randomised controlled trial.”Schematic of proposed shared mechanisms between calcific aortic stenosis and other pathologies which have been investigated in, or are the current target of, clinical studies. Adapted from Dweck et al.10 DPP-4, buy kamagra oral jelly thailand dipeptidyl peptidase-4.

Lp(a), lipoprotein (a). OPG, osteoprotegerin buy kamagra oral jelly thailand. RAAS, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone.

RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand." data-icon-position data-hide-link-title="0">Figure 2 Schematic of proposed shared mechanisms between calcific aortic stenosis and other pathologies which have been investigated in, or are the current target of, clinical studies. Adapted from Dweck et al.10 DPP-4, buy kamagra oral jelly thailand dipeptidyl peptidase-4. Lp(a), lipoprotein (a).

OPG, osteoprotegerin buy kamagra oral jelly thailand. RAAS, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone. RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand.In a review article in this issue of Heart, San Román and colleagues3 re-examine the risk-benefit balance in a ‘wait for symptoms’ strategy for timing of valve replacement in asymptomatic patients with severe AS versus earlier intervention (figure buy kamagra oral jelly thailand 3).

The potential role of risk markers is discussed and the ongoing clinical trials addressing this timely question are summarised.Management of a patient with asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis based on the evidence available. It could change if the ongoing randomised studies demonstrate that aortic valve replacement is better than the ‘wait for symptoms’ approach buy kamagra oral jelly thailand in terms of mortality or if the ‘individualised strategy’ shows to be of benefit (see text). Pictograms freely available at www.flaticon.com and humanpictogram2.0.

LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction." data-icon-position data-hide-link-title="0">Figure 3 Management of a patient with asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis based on the evidence available. It could change if the ongoing randomised studies demonstrate that aortic valve replacement is better than the ‘wait for symptoms’ approach in terms of mortality or if the ‘individualised strategy’ shows to be of benefit buy kamagra oral jelly thailand (see text). Pictograms freely available at www.flaticon.com and humanpictogram2.0.

LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction.The impact of the erectile dysfunction treatment kamagra on patients with cardiovascular disease was studied in two original research papers in buy kamagra oral jelly thailand this issue of Heart. Mohammad and colleagues4 found a reduced incidence of patients diagnosed with myocardial infarction (MI) during the erectile dysfunction treatment kamagra in Sweden with an incidence rate ratio of 0.80 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.86, p<0.001) compared with 2015–2019. However, in those who did present for medical care, there was no change in referral for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and no change in short-term mortality (figure buy kamagra oral jelly thailand 4).

Bing and Adamson5 comment that ‘Lower incidences of hospital admissions and invasive management of acute coronary syndromes are concerning and raise the spectre of excess morbidity and mortality due to delayed or absent provision of therapies.’Incidence rate of myocardial infarction (MI) interventions and erectile dysfunction treatment in Sweden as well as its capital city Stockholm. (A) Visualises the incidence rate of MI for each 7-day period during erectile dysfunction treatment kamagra (1 March–May 2020) and the reference period (1 March 1–7 May, the years 2015–2019) together with the incidence of erectile dysfunction treatment in Sweden. The incidence of MI is presented as daily incidence (absolute numbers) and the incidence rate per buy kamagra oral jelly thailand 100 000 inhabitants per year in brackets.

(B) Visualised the same information but for Stockholm county. A clear decline in MI incidence can be observed since the beginning of the kamagra both nationwide and isolated to buy kamagra oral jelly thailand Stockholm. On 12 April, a national campaign was launched throughout major newspapers, television channels, on the web and social media, aimed to inform and encourage patients with symptoms suggestive of MI to seek medical care.

The inflow of patients with MI returned to typical levels both nationally as well as in Stockholm by 7 May 2020 reflecting how adequate countermeasures can reverse the indirect effects of erectile dysfunction treatment kamagra on healthcare-seeking behaviour." buy kamagra oral jelly thailand data-icon-position data-hide-link-title="0">Figure 4 Incidence rate of myocardial infarction (MI) interventions and erectile dysfunction treatment in Sweden as well as its capital city Stockholm. (A) Visualises the incidence rate of MI for each 7-day period during erectile dysfunction treatment kamagra (1 March–May 2020) and the reference period (1 March 1–7 May, the years 2015–2019) together with the incidence of erectile dysfunction treatment in Sweden. The incidence of MI is presented as daily incidence (absolute numbers) and the incidence rate per 100 000 inhabitants buy kamagra oral jelly thailand per year in brackets.

(B) Visualised the same information but for Stockholm county. A clear decline in MI incidence can be observed since the beginning of the kamagra both nationwide and isolated to Stockholm. On 12 April, a national campaign was launched throughout major newspapers, television channels, buy kamagra oral jelly thailand on the web and social media, aimed to inform and encourage patients with symptoms suggestive of MI to seek medical care.

The inflow of patients with MI returned to typical levels both nationally as well as in Stockholm by 7 May 2020 reflecting how adequate countermeasures can reverse the indirect effects of erectile dysfunction treatment kamagra on healthcare-seeking behaviour.Similarly, in a study from the UK, Kwok and colleague6 observed a 43% decline in PCI procedures in April 2020 compared with monthly averages over the preceding 2 years. Despite a longer interval from symptom buy kamagra oral jelly thailand onset to presentation and a slower door-to-balloon time, there was no difference for in-hospital mortality or major adverse cardiovascular events. In considering these and other studies, De Filippo et al7 propose we need to intensify our systems of care for acute MI.

€˜Increasing patient awareness of serious symptoms and inviting them to seek medical care in any case through dedicated campaigns, strengthening the territorial network with access points able to perform an ECG and to be in touch with hub centres, buy kamagra oral jelly thailand potentiating remote medical programmes with a clear definition of the roles and responsibilities of the healthcare professionals involved, getting an ‘on call’ dedicated staff trained to scrub in with protective equipment in a reasonable time, and setting up dedicated rooms where patients can undergo an extensive evaluation for the at a later time, thus prioritising angiography, are among the cornerstones of an ‘emergency plan’ that should be conceived and be easily available should a second wave of s occur.’The Education in Heart article in this issue8 presents a guide to risk prediction and counselling in women with congenital heart disease who wish to become or are pregnant. This detailed text and tables nicely summarise risk scores and patient management. Clinicians caring for younger women with congenital heart disease will find this article an essential resource.The Cardiology in Focus article9 in this issue nicely complements the Education in Heart article7 with a thoughtful discussion of how to best communicate risk and benefits to cardiology patients.

Recchia and Freeman recommend ‘avoid buy kamagra oral jelly thailand using words to convey likelihoods. Use numbers, and support them with graphics wherever possible. Be upfront and as precise as possible about uncertainties (again, using numerical ranges buy kamagra oral jelly thailand rather than verbal cues of uncertainty where possible).

Be as balanced as you can about both benefits and risks, and avoid framing the numbers in just one direction. Moreover, the best way to check buy kamagra oral jelly thailand whether you have been successful in your communication is to stop and ask the patient to explain back what they have understood. This gives you a chance to assess what they are understanding, as well as what is important to them.’‘Time is muscle’.

It has been almost 50 years since Professor Eugene Braunwald introduced the revolutionary hypothesis that buy kamagra oral jelly thailand the severity and the extent of myocardial injury resulting from coronary occlusion could be radically reduced by timely interventions.1 Since that time, research has focused on the identification of sources of delays, with the aim to optimise the delivery of care to patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction (AMI), thus minimising total ischaemic time from symptom onset to reperfusion therapy. This translated to guideline recommendations establishing several goals to be met in this context, such as optimal ‘time to diagnosis’ and ‘time to reperfusion’. Healthcare systems have been promptly reorganised over the last decades according to such endorsements, mainly by implementing networks between hospitals (‘hub’ and ‘spoke’) and the definition of geographical areas of responsibility, sharing protocols based on risk stratification and transportation by trained staff in appropriately equipped ambulances.

While this strategy proved to be successful in ‘peaceful times’, resulting in significant outcome improvement buy kamagra oral jelly thailand in patients suffering from AMI, such organisation was never tested within a benchmark ‘crisis period’ that was supposed to severely overwhelm national health systems. The erectile dysfunction treatment outbreak and the consequential measures of governments to contain the kamagra (ie, ‘national lockdowns’) put a strain on the established system of cardiovascular assistance, calling into question many assumptions of our ordinary clinical practice. In this buy kamagra oral jelly thailand issue of Heart, Kwok and collaborators2 reported a significant reduction in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) following the national lockdown in England.

This finding supports the pieces of evidence arising from previous studies about a relevant reduction in hospital admissions for cardiovascular issues, such as acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and heart failure, during the erectile dysfunction treatment kamagra.3 4 Despite several hypotheses being first invoked to account for such phenomenon (ie, reduced exposition to stressful circumstances, effect of lockdown on air pollution), the recent work by Baldi et al5 describing an increased incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the most burdened Italian region during the kamagra closed the loop. erectile dysfunction treatment killed buy kamagra oral jelly thailand at home. Such unpredictable behavioural response of patients related to the fear of contracting the disease, along with the perception of hospitals as unsafe places, highlighted the first shortcoming of the cardiovascular care system.

Public awareness of symptoms related to serious and life-threatening diseases such as ACS is still lacking. In a modern context, where buy kamagra oral jelly thailand a late-breaking study shows that initial ECG variations in patients with STEMI can be detected through a smartwatch, such finding sounds still more weird.6 How is a system supposed to work if the first link in the chain is the weakest?. The feeling coming from such regrettable acknowledgement is that scientific production has been talking to itself for too long, thus forgetting that the goal of whatever we know, discover and discuss about is our patients’ health.

Search engine result pages supported by the WHO have been recommending to people seeking medical attention through web searches to stay home if feeling unwell, further preventing patients to activate emergency networks (partly with an honest desire to not engulf buy kamagra oral jelly thailand a massively stressed healthcare system) (figure 1). Responsibilities of the scientific world in such a huge failure in communication, along with its consequences, cannot be ignored. In hindsight, it buy kamagra oral jelly thailand could look far too easy to acknowledge that we could have been more proactive in reaching out to our patients during the lockdown, but that is not the point.

The authors indeed also described a prolonged symptom-to-hospital time following the erectile dysfunction treatment lockdown in England, with a significant delay both for patients admitted from the community and for those undergoing between-hospital transfers. Once again, we should be able to recognise that remote monitoring programmes and digital buy kamagra oral jelly thailand medical consultations are not yet deeply integrated into our clinical practice and that the territorial organisation of our healthcare systems is not as robust and capillary as we thought. Treatment delays represent the most easily assessed index of quality of care in patients with STEMI.

Thus, the authors’ findings remark that we should carefully consider interventions to improve the efficiency of the AMI pathway in unordinary context. Such consideration is further supported by the increased ‘door-to-balloon’ time described by Kwok and collaborators.2 The authors correctly point out that several factors may account for such buy kamagra oral jelly thailand delay, such as the necessity of a more extensive patient evaluation prior to angiogram and the time needed for the PCI staff to don personal protective equipment. However, while such explanations may look adequate in an unprecedented context as the global kamagra was, major efforts should be carried to prevent this from happening again.Search engine result pages advising patients to stay at home if feeling unwell." data-icon-position data-hide-link-title="0">Figure 1 Search engine result pages advising patients to stay at home if feeling unwell.Of interest, the authors found no significant differences in overall mortality and reduction in in-hospital MACE (Major Adverse Cardiovascular Event, that is unplanned re-PCI, reinfarction and death) among patients with STEMI admitted during the lockdown as compared with those referred prior to such measure.

However, it should be noted that the composite endpoint explored by buy kamagra oral jelly thailand the authors includes only a small subgroup of AMI-related complications. The previous work by De Rosa et al7 exploring a broader spectrum of issues that can be related to a delayed reperfusion therapy (ie, cardiogenic shock, free wall rupture, life-threatening arrhythmias) found an increase in mechanical and electrical AMI complications along with a higher rate of STEMI fatality throughout the 1-week period during the erectile dysfunction treatment outbreak as compared with the equivalent week in 2019. Furthermore, in buy kamagra oral jelly thailand the context of an increased rate of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests during the kamagra (as outlined above), the authors’ data about in-hospital rates of mortality are far than been reassuring.

Such finding could suggest that the sickest patients may have been dying before coming for medical attention. This hypothesis is further supported by the evidence of increased rates of in-hospital death and MACE among inpatients suffering from STEMI and undergoing in-hospital transfer.Another interesting finding is that patients presenting after the lockdown were more likely to receive multivessel PCI. As the authors correctly point out, such finding could reflect both the evidence coming from the recent COMPLETE trial8 and operators’ buy kamagra oral jelly thailand awareness that due to re-organization of hospitals during lockdown it would been easier to perform complete PCI during index admission.

While both these hypotheses warrant further confirmation, we believe that the strategy of a complete revascularisation within the index procedure or at least within the index hospitalisation should be considered in protocols dedicated to management of patients with AMI in the erectile dysfunction treatment era. This could indeed reduce patients’ risk to wait buy kamagra oral jelly thailand for too long a staged revascularisation, the sanitary cost to reassess patients’ erectile dysfunction treatment status when readmitted (chest X-ray, nasal swab), and last but not least the risk for sanitary personnel to get exposed to patients coming back from the community.In conclusion, the work by Kwok and collaborators, along with previous findings about this topic, highlighted that the emergency care network for patients suffering from acute cardiovascular illnesses has still several shortcomings, making it vulnerable in critical social and medical contexts. Increasing patient awareness of serious symptoms and inviting them to seek medical care in any case through dedicated campaigns, strengthening the territorial network with access points able to perform an ECG and to be in touch with hub centres, potentiating remote medical programmes with a clear definition of the roles and responsibilities of the healthcare professionals involved, getting an ‘on call’ dedicated staff trained to scrub in with protective equipment in a reasonable time, and setting up dedicated rooms where patients can undergo an extensive evaluation for the at a later time, thus prioritising angiography, are among the cornerstones of an ‘emergency plan’ that should be conceived and be easily available should a second wave of s occur.

Most European buy kamagra oral jelly thailand countries are now experiencing a phase of slowdown of the contagion. There is no better time than the present. Time is muscle, with and without an ongoing kamagra..

There have been a proliferation of data on management kamagra oral jelly online of patients with severe calcific aortic stenosis (AS) over the past decade. But, no matter how effective, safe and durable valve replacement turns out to be, we still are treating (or mitigating) only the end-stage of a lengthy disease process. Success in treating calcific AS should be defined as the ability to slow haemodynamic progression or, ultimately, entirely prevent disease in the kamagra oral jelly online valve leaflets.

In this issue of Heart, Lee and colleagues1 present intriguing data on the association between treatment with a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor and haemodynamic progression of AS in 212 patients (mean age about 73 years) with diabetes and mild-to-moderate AS. Patients taking a DPP-4 inhibitors with a potential favourable anti-calcification ability (such kamagra oral jelly online as linagliptin or gemigliptin), compared with those taking an unfavourable DPP-4 inhibitor (such as alogliptin, sitagliptin, or vildagliptin), had a smaller change in aortic velocity and less progression to severe AS (7.1% vs 29%, P −0.03) with an HR of 0.116 (95% CI 0.024 to 0.551, p=0.007) on Cox regression analysis after adjustment for age, baseline renal function and AS severity (figure 1).Changes of maximal transaortic valve velocity (A), mean (B) and peak (C) pressure gradient according to medications. Turkey’s method was used to make box plots.

DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4." data-icon-position data-hide-link-title="0">Figure 1 Changes of kamagra oral jelly online maximal transaortic valve velocity (A), mean (B) and peak (C) pressure gradient according to medications. Turkey’s method was used to make box plots. DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4.Bing and Dweck2 discuss the strengths and limitations of this study in an editorial and put these findings into the context of shared mechanisms between calcific AS and atherosclerosis, hypertension and osteoporosis, as well as diabetes (figure 2).

Bing and Dweck2 emphasise that observational association studies, such as the study by Lee and colleagues,1 kamagra oral jelly online are only hypothesis generating. €˜Truth will out—but in the case of disease-modifying medical therapy for aortic stenosis, where effect sizes may be small and mechanisms complex, only after an adequately powered and well-conducted randomised controlled trial.”Schematic of proposed shared mechanisms between calcific aortic stenosis and other pathologies which have been investigated in, or are the current target of, clinical studies. Adapted from kamagra oral jelly online Dweck et al.10 DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4.

Lp(a), lipoprotein (a). OPG, osteoprotegerin kamagra oral jelly online. RAAS, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone.

RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand." data-icon-position data-hide-link-title="0">Figure 2 Schematic of proposed shared mechanisms between calcific aortic stenosis and other pathologies which have been investigated in, or are the current target of, clinical studies. Adapted from Dweck et al.10 DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 kamagra oral jelly online. Lp(a), lipoprotein (a).

OPG, osteoprotegerin kamagra oral jelly online. RAAS, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone. RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand.In a review article in this issue of Heart, San Román and colleagues3 re-examine the risk-benefit balance in a ‘wait for symptoms’ strategy for timing kamagra oral jelly online of valve replacement in asymptomatic patients with severe AS versus earlier intervention (figure 3).

The potential role of risk markers is discussed and the ongoing clinical trials addressing this timely question are summarised.Management of a patient with asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis based on the evidence available. It could change if the ongoing randomised studies demonstrate that aortic valve replacement is better than the ‘wait for symptoms’ approach in terms of mortality or if kamagra oral jelly online the ‘individualised strategy’ shows to be of benefit (see text). Pictograms freely available at www.flaticon.com and humanpictogram2.0.

LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction." data-icon-position data-hide-link-title="0">Figure 3 Management of a patient with asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis based on the evidence available. It could change if the ongoing randomised studies demonstrate that aortic valve replacement is better than the ‘wait for symptoms’ approach in terms of mortality or if the ‘individualised kamagra oral jelly online strategy’ shows to be of benefit (see text). Pictograms freely available at www.flaticon.com and humanpictogram2.0.

LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction.The impact of the erectile dysfunction treatment kamagra on patients with cardiovascular disease was kamagra oral jelly online studied in two original research papers in this issue of Heart. Mohammad and colleagues4 found a reduced incidence of patients diagnosed with myocardial infarction (MI) during the erectile dysfunction treatment kamagra in Sweden with an incidence rate ratio of 0.80 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.86, p<0.001) compared with 2015–2019. However, in those who did present for medical care, there was no change in referral for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and no change kamagra oral jelly online in short-term mortality (figure 4).

Bing and Adamson5 comment that ‘Lower incidences of hospital admissions and invasive management of acute coronary syndromes are concerning and raise the spectre of excess morbidity and mortality due to delayed or absent provision of therapies.’Incidence rate of myocardial infarction (MI) interventions and erectile dysfunction treatment in Sweden as well as its capital city Stockholm. (A) Visualises the incidence rate of MI for each 7-day period during erectile dysfunction treatment kamagra (1 March–May 2020) and the reference period (1 March 1–7 May, the years 2015–2019) together with the incidence of erectile dysfunction treatment in Sweden. The incidence of MI is presented as daily incidence (absolute numbers) and the incidence rate per kamagra oral jelly online 100 000 inhabitants per year in brackets.

(B) Visualised the same information but for Stockholm county. A clear decline kamagra oral jelly online in MI incidence can be observed since the beginning of the kamagra both nationwide and isolated to Stockholm. On 12 April, a national campaign was launched throughout major newspapers, television channels, on the web and social media, aimed to inform and encourage patients with symptoms suggestive of MI to seek medical care.

The inflow of patients with MI returned to typical levels both nationally as well as in Stockholm by 7 May 2020 reflecting how adequate countermeasures can reverse the indirect effects of erectile dysfunction treatment kamagra on healthcare-seeking behaviour." data-icon-position data-hide-link-title="0">Figure 4 Incidence rate of myocardial infarction (MI) interventions and erectile dysfunction treatment in Sweden as well as its capital city Stockholm kamagra oral jelly online. (A) Visualises the incidence rate of MI for each 7-day period during erectile dysfunction treatment kamagra (1 March–May 2020) and the reference period (1 March 1–7 May, the years 2015–2019) together with the incidence of erectile dysfunction treatment in Sweden. The incidence of kamagra oral jelly online MI is presented as daily incidence (absolute numbers) and the incidence rate per 100 000 inhabitants per year in brackets.

(B) Visualised the same information but for Stockholm county. A clear decline in MI incidence can be observed since the beginning of the kamagra both nationwide and isolated to Stockholm. On 12 April, a national kamagra oral jelly online campaign was launched throughout major newspapers, television channels, on the web and social media, aimed to inform and encourage patients with symptoms suggestive of MI to seek medical care.

The inflow of patients with MI returned to typical levels both nationally as well as in Stockholm by 7 May 2020 reflecting how adequate countermeasures can reverse the indirect effects of erectile dysfunction treatment kamagra on healthcare-seeking behaviour.Similarly, in a study from the UK, Kwok and colleague6 observed a 43% decline in PCI procedures in April 2020 compared with monthly averages over the preceding 2 years. Despite a longer interval from symptom kamagra oral jelly online onset to presentation and a slower door-to-balloon time, there was no difference for in-hospital mortality or major adverse cardiovascular events. In considering these and other studies, De Filippo et al7 propose we need to intensify our systems of care for acute MI.

€˜Increasing patient awareness of serious symptoms and inviting them to seek medical care in any case through dedicated campaigns, strengthening the territorial network with access points able to perform an ECG and to be in touch with hub centres, potentiating remote medical programmes with a clear definition of the roles and responsibilities of the healthcare professionals involved, getting an ‘on call’ dedicated staff trained to scrub in with protective equipment in a reasonable time, and setting up dedicated rooms where patients can undergo an extensive evaluation for the at a later time, thus prioritising angiography, are among the cornerstones of an ‘emergency plan’ that should be conceived and be easily available should a second wave of s occur.’The Education in Heart article in this issue8 presents a guide to risk prediction and counselling in women with congenital heart disease who wish to become or kamagra oral jelly online are pregnant. This detailed text and tables nicely summarise risk scores and patient management. Clinicians caring for younger women with congenital heart disease will find this article an essential resource.The Cardiology in Focus article9 in this issue nicely complements the Education in Heart article7 with a thoughtful discussion of how to best communicate risk and benefits to cardiology patients.

Recchia and Freeman kamagra oral jelly online recommend ‘avoid using words to convey likelihoods. Use numbers, and support them with graphics wherever possible. Be upfront and as precise as possible about uncertainties (again, using kamagra oral jelly online numerical ranges rather than verbal cues of uncertainty where possible).

Be as balanced as you can about both benefits and risks, and avoid framing the numbers in just one direction. Moreover, the best way to check whether you have been kamagra oral jelly online successful in your communication is to stop and ask the patient to explain back what they have understood. This gives you a chance to assess what they are understanding, as well as what is important to them.’‘Time is muscle’.

It has been almost 50 years since Professor Eugene Braunwald introduced the revolutionary hypothesis that the severity and the extent of myocardial injury resulting from coronary occlusion could be radically reduced by timely interventions.1 Since that time, research has focused on the identification of kamagra oral jelly online sources of delays, with the aim to optimise the delivery of care to patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction (AMI), thus minimising total ischaemic time from symptom onset to reperfusion therapy. This translated to guideline recommendations establishing several goals to be met in this context, such as optimal ‘time to diagnosis’ and ‘time to reperfusion’. Healthcare systems have been promptly reorganised over the last decades according to such endorsements, mainly by implementing networks between hospitals (‘hub’ and ‘spoke’) and the definition of geographical areas of responsibility, sharing protocols based on risk stratification and transportation by trained staff in appropriately equipped ambulances.

While this strategy proved to be successful in ‘peaceful times’, kamagra oral jelly online resulting in significant outcome improvement in patients suffering from AMI, such organisation was never tested within a benchmark ‘crisis period’ that was supposed to severely overwhelm national health systems. The erectile dysfunction treatment outbreak and the consequential measures of governments to contain the kamagra (ie, ‘national lockdowns’) put a strain on the established system of cardiovascular assistance, calling into question many assumptions of our ordinary clinical practice. In this issue of Heart, Kwok and collaborators2 reported a significant reduction in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ST segment elevation myocardial kamagra oral jelly online infarction (STEMI) following the national lockdown in England.

This finding supports the pieces of evidence arising from previous studies about a relevant reduction in hospital admissions for cardiovascular issues, such as acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and heart failure, during the erectile dysfunction treatment kamagra.3 4 Despite several hypotheses being first invoked to account for such phenomenon (ie, reduced exposition to stressful circumstances, effect of lockdown on air pollution), the recent work by Baldi et al5 describing an increased incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the most burdened Italian region during the kamagra closed the loop. erectile dysfunction treatment killed kamagra oral jelly online at home. Such unpredictable behavioural response of patients related to the fear of contracting the disease, along with the perception of hospitals as unsafe places, highlighted the first shortcoming of the cardiovascular care system.

Public awareness of symptoms related to serious and life-threatening diseases such as ACS is still lacking. In a modern context, where a late-breaking study shows that initial ECG variations in patients with kamagra oral jelly online STEMI can be detected through a smartwatch, such finding sounds still more weird.6 How is a system supposed to work if the first link in the chain is the weakest?. The feeling coming from such regrettable acknowledgement is that scientific production has been talking to itself for too long, thus forgetting that the goal of whatever we know, discover and discuss about is our patients’ health.

Search engine result pages kamagra oral jelly online supported by the WHO have been recommending to people seeking medical attention through web searches to stay home if feeling unwell, further preventing patients to activate emergency networks (partly with an honest desire to not engulf a massively stressed healthcare system) (figure 1). Responsibilities of the scientific world in such a huge failure in communication, along with its consequences, cannot be ignored. In hindsight, it could look far too easy to kamagra oral jelly online acknowledge that we could have been more proactive in reaching out to our patients during the lockdown, but that is not the point.

The authors indeed also described a prolonged symptom-to-hospital time following the erectile dysfunction treatment lockdown in England, with a significant delay both for patients admitted from the community and for those undergoing between-hospital transfers. Once again, we should be able to recognise that remote monitoring programmes and digital medical consultations are not yet deeply integrated into our clinical practice and that the territorial organisation kamagra oral jelly online of our healthcare systems is not as robust and capillary as we thought. Treatment delays represent the most easily assessed index of quality of care in patients with STEMI.

Thus, the authors’ findings remark that we should carefully consider interventions to improve the efficiency of the AMI pathway in unordinary context. Such consideration kamagra oral jelly online is further supported by the increased ‘door-to-balloon’ time described by Kwok and collaborators.2 The authors correctly point out that several factors may account for such delay, such as the necessity of a more extensive patient evaluation prior to angiogram and the time needed for the PCI staff to don personal protective equipment. However, while such explanations may look adequate in an unprecedented context as the global kamagra was, major efforts should be carried to prevent this from happening again.Search engine result pages advising patients to stay at home if feeling unwell." data-icon-position data-hide-link-title="0">Figure 1 Search engine result pages advising patients to stay at home if feeling unwell.Of interest, the authors found no significant differences in overall mortality and reduction in in-hospital MACE (Major Adverse Cardiovascular Event, that is unplanned re-PCI, reinfarction and death) among patients with STEMI admitted during the lockdown as compared with those referred prior to such measure.

However, it kamagra oral jelly online should be noted that the composite endpoint explored by the authors includes only a small subgroup of AMI-related complications. The previous work by De Rosa et al7 exploring a broader spectrum of issues that can be related to a delayed reperfusion therapy (ie, cardiogenic shock, free wall rupture, life-threatening arrhythmias) found an increase in mechanical and electrical AMI complications along with a higher rate of STEMI fatality throughout the 1-week period during the erectile dysfunction treatment outbreak as compared with the equivalent week in 2019. Furthermore, in the context of an increased rate of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests during the kamagra (as outlined above), the authors’ kamagra oral jelly online data about in-hospital rates of mortality are far than been reassuring.

Such finding could suggest that the sickest patients may have been dying before coming for medical attention. This hypothesis is further supported by the evidence of increased rates of in-hospital death and MACE among inpatients suffering from STEMI and undergoing in-hospital transfer.Another interesting finding is that patients presenting after the lockdown were more likely to receive multivessel PCI. As the authors correctly point out, such finding could reflect both the evidence coming from the recent COMPLETE trial8 and operators’ awareness that due to re-organization of hospitals during lockdown it would been easier kamagra oral jelly online to perform complete PCI during index admission.

While both these hypotheses warrant further confirmation, we believe that the strategy of a complete revascularisation within the index procedure or at least within the index hospitalisation should be considered in protocols dedicated to management of patients with AMI in the erectile dysfunction treatment era. This could indeed reduce patients’ risk to wait for too long a staged revascularisation, the sanitary cost to reassess patients’ erectile dysfunction treatment status when readmitted (chest X-ray, nasal swab), and last but not least the risk for sanitary personnel to get exposed to patients coming back from the community.In conclusion, the work by Kwok and collaborators, along with previous findings about this topic, highlighted that the emergency care network kamagra oral jelly online for patients suffering from acute cardiovascular illnesses has still several shortcomings, making it vulnerable in critical social and medical contexts. Increasing patient awareness of serious symptoms and inviting them to seek medical care in any case through dedicated campaigns, strengthening the territorial network with access points able to perform an ECG and to be in touch with hub centres, potentiating remote medical programmes with a clear definition of the roles and responsibilities of the healthcare professionals involved, getting an ‘on call’ dedicated staff trained to scrub in with protective equipment in a reasonable time, and setting up dedicated rooms where patients can undergo an extensive evaluation for the at a later time, thus prioritising angiography, are among the cornerstones of an ‘emergency plan’ that should be conceived and be easily available should a second wave of s occur.

Most European countries are now experiencing a phase kamagra oral jelly online of slowdown of the contagion. There is no better time than the present. Time is muscle, with and without an ongoing kamagra..