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Owing to the multiphase transformations in economy, society, natural environment, lifestyles and healthcare system that China has been experiencing over the past three decades, coupled with the rapid population ageing, China’s burden of non-communicable disease, particularly cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer, has been rising drastically.1 Both the incidence of and mortality from ischaemic heart disease (IHD) have been increasing dramatically since 1980s in China.1 In 2019, IHD was the second cause of deaths in the Chinese population, which counted for 17.6% of all deaths and 9.1% of disability-adjusted life years.2 Although there are ample evidence on the socioeconomic disparities in CVD in high-income countries, evidence is still limited generic zithromax prices in low- and middle-income countries such as China.3The paper by Chen et al is the first comprehensive report on the educational disparities in IHD incidence, case fatality and mortality in China, using data from the large prospective cohort study of China Kadoorie Biobank. The study supplements findings of a robust inverse educational gradient in IHD case fatality …The buy antibiotics zithromax has provided generic zithromax prices limitless opportunities to compare zithromax policies across countries and over time. When the aim is to assess the comparative success of these policies, the comparison requires thinking counterfactually about ‘what would have been’ in some unrealised hypothetical (counterfactual) scenario.

Whether generating modelling projections,1 making data-driven comparisons across countries2 or attributing excess harms,3 causal generic zithromax prices inference often rests on counterfactual comparisons, even if those comparisons are only implicit. However, in the zithromax, counterfactual analyses that are overly simplistic, uninformative or outright flawed have been an epidemic in their own right. The examples generic zithromax prices I explore here are not the worst offenders and my aim is not to criticise them but to use them to illustrate cautionary lessons.

By exploring the theory of counterfactuals and common problems with their use, we can learn to do better. Slow conceptual thinking is needed even in times of fast science.Counterfactuals have played a central role in discussions of causation in philosophy4 and in the generic zithromax prices health sciences5 and social sciences6 over the past 50 years. According to a framework popular in these disciplines, an intervention causes some outcome if that outcome represents a difference between two hypothetical scenarios in which only the intervention differs.

Because the scenarios are generic zithromax prices mutually incompatible, at least one of them is ‘counterfactual’—that is, contrary to what actually occurs or ‘counter to fact’. Philosophers sometimes think about a counterfactual scenario as an imaginary world that is perfectly identical to the actual world except that the intervention is miraculously altered or manipulated with surgical precision. For instance, if the number of buy antibiotics cases would be greater in a possible world that is identical to the real world but in which no zithromax policies were implemented, then we can conclude that those policies prevented buy antibiotics in the actual world.Scientists and policy-makers cannot make a counterfactual comparison directly because other possible worlds are a fiction (or if they are real then they are inaccessible to us), although they can approximate such a comparison through modelling or using generic zithromax prices real-world data.

A key to doing this well is to first explicitly consider what counterfactual comparison we wish to learn about and then ask what modelling or data would faithfully or usefully represent it. Unfortunately, it is easy to lose sight of the relevance of the available data for the intended counterfactual comparison and of the relevance of the counterfactual comparison for decision-making.For instance, buy antibiotics model generic zithromax prices predictions have frequently been criticised as inaccurate7 and no doubt many of them are. However, it is important to distinguish ‘projections’ of what would occur under a hypothetical scenario (which may be counterfactual) from ‘forecasts’ of what will actually occur8—a distinction that has not always been marked.

Unlike forecasts (such as weather predictions), the accuracy of a counterfactual projection cannot be accurately judged by comparing it to generic zithromax prices what actually occurred. Schroeder9 identifies ambiguities in the way that modellers at the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington presented predictions from their epidemic model early on, which sometimes appeared to be projections and sometimes appeared to be forecasts. This kind of ambiguity makes it difficult to evaluate the performance of a model generic zithromax prices and to know what upshots to draw from its predictions.

For instance, while forecasts can help planners anticipate healthcare resource usage, projections can help decision-makers choose from among alternative public health policies.10Compartment models like one used by Imperial College London1 are more clearly ‘projection models’.8 However, the hypothetical nature of projections allows us to entertain scenarios that realistically would not generic zithromax prices occur, creating comparisons with questionable relevance for decision-making. In March 2020, Imperial College modellers claimed that ‘38.7 million lives could be saved’1 by an aggressive viral-suppression strategy after modelling that scenario (among others) and comparing it to an unmitigated zithromax scenario in which no new actions are taken to contain viral spread. But for evaluating the aggressive suppression strategy, the unmitigated scenario is an unrealistic counterfactual because in that scenario everyone—including governments and the people—behaves as if there were not a generic zithromax prices zithromax raging.

More informative comparisons contrast alternate anticontagion policies or account for the likelihood of evolving anticontagion behaviour even in the absence of aggressive anticontagion policies.With country-level case data available at a click, many people have made policy comparisons across countries along with inferences regarding the effectiveness of those policies. But comparing one country to another to infer the comparative effectiveness of stricter and laxer (or simply different) anticontagion policies is fraught because it may not faithfully represent a relevant counterfactual generic zithromax prices comparison.For example, Bendavid et al2 compared eight countries, including the USA and England, that implemented mandatory stay-at-home orders and business closures with Sweden and South Korea, which did not. To evaluate the effect of these policies on the growth of buy antibiotics cases, they subtracted case data in Sweden and South Korea from case data in the other eight countries.

In this study, Sweden and South Korea are essentially being used to represent a counterfactual USA or England that does not implement restrictive generic zithromax prices policies. However, there are important differences between the USA/England and Sweden/South Korea, including social and geographic differences and differences in implementation of other zithromax interventions. Therefore, it seems highly plausible that a cross-country comparison involving the USA or England on one side and Sweden or South Korea on the other fails to accurately represent the outcomes in a ‘USA versus counterfactual USA’ or ‘England versus counterfactual generic zithromax prices England’ comparison.

Other studies (which are by no means infallible) seek to mitigate this problem by making before-and-after comparisons within a country, pooling data from many countries and attempting to adjust for their differences or running sensitivity analyses to test various assumptions.11 12Finally, many have calculated or estimated excess harms in 2020–2021 and beyond such as excess all-cause mortality13 or excess ‘deaths of despair’.14 Excess harms are typically estimated by measuring a stable baseline level of harm (or a stable trend) in recent years and comparing it to the amount of harm measured since the zithromax began or the amount of harm estimated to occur in future years. It is often reasonable to interpret excess harm figures as the increase in harm compared with a counterfactual generic zithromax prices scenario in which the zithromax never happened. However, it is often more challenging to attribute this increase to a specific factor such as particular policies.

Such a harm attribution relies on a different counterfactual comparison between two worlds in which generic zithromax prices the buy antibiotics zithromax is similarly occurring but in which different policies are undertaken. As when measuring beneficial effects, the relevant modelling or data might compare different countries that naturally implemented different polices in 2020–2021 or the same countries before and after the implementation of certain policies.To illustrate, Niedzwiedz et al3 sought to measure the impact of lockdowns in the UK during 2020 on mental health outcomes through survey results in a longitudinal cohort study. By comparing the prevalence of outcomes such as psychological generic zithromax prices distress in April 2020 to its prevalence in 2017–2019, they calculated increases or decreases in these outcomes.

However, one cannot attribute changes in these outcomes to particular policies from the time trend data alone because, again, in the relevant counterfactual comparison the presence of the zithromax is kept constant and only particular policies are allowed to vary.Faced with a devastating zithromax rife with examples of countries that followed different paths, regrets about past choices and new decisions to be made, scientists, policy-makers and the public entertain counterfactual comparisons, comparing what did occur to what would have occurred or what could occur in the future under different scenarios. The ubiquity of models and data available to generic zithromax prices us makes it possible to provide (more or less reliable) representations of our imagined counterfactual comparisons. But in thinking counterfactually, we must be wary of letting our imagination exceed our data.Ethics statementsPatient consent for publicationNot required.AcknowledgmentsThe author thanks Sander Greenland for extensive and thoughtful input on multiple drafts of this manuscript as well as anonymous reviewers..

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Start Preamble can you drink while taking zithromax Centers blog link for Medicare &. Medicaid Services (CMS), HHS. Continuation of effectiveness and extension of timeline can you drink while taking zithromax for publication of the final rule.

This document announces the continuation of, effectiveness of, and the extension of the timeline for publication of a final rule. We are issuing this document in accordance with section 1871(a)(3)(C) of the Social Security Act (the Act), which allows an interim final rule to remain in effect after the expiration of the timeline specified in section 1871(a)(3)(B) of the Act if the Secretary publishes a notice of continuation explaining why we did not comply with the regular publication timeline. Effective September 4, 2020, the Medicare provisions adopted in the interim final rule published on September 6, 2016 (81 FR 61538), continue in effect and the regular timeline for publication of can you drink while taking zithromax the final rule is extended for an additional year, until September 6, 2021.

Start Further Info Steve Forry (410) 786-1564 or Jaqueline Cipa (410) 786-3259. End Further Info End Preamble Start Supplemental Information Section 1871(a) of the Social Security Act (the Act) sets forth certain procedures for promulgating regulations necessary to carry out the administration of the insurance programs under Title XVIII of the Act. Section 1871(a)(3)(A) of the Act requires the Secretary, in consultation with the Director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), to establish a can you drink while taking zithromax regular timeline for the publication of final regulations based on the previous publication of a proposed rule or an interim final rule.

In accordance with section 1871(a)(3)(B) of the Act, such timeline may vary among different rules, based on the complexity of the rule, the number and scope of the comments received, and other relevant factors. However, the timeline for publishing the final rule, cannot exceed 3 years from the date of publication of the proposed or interim final rule, unless there are exceptional circumstances. After consultation with the Director of OMB, the Secretary published a document, which appeared in the December 30, 2004 Federal Register on (69 FR 78442), establishing can you drink while taking zithromax a general 3-year timeline for publishing Medicare final rules after the publication of a proposed or interim final rule.

Section 1871(a)(3)(C) of the Act states that upon expiration of the regular timeline for the publication of a final regulation after opportunity for public comment, a Medicare interim final rule shall not continue in effect unless the Secretary publishes a notice of continuation of the regulation that includes an explanation of why the regular timeline was not met. Upon publication of such notice, the regular timeline for publication of the final regulation is treated as having been extended for 1 additional year. On September 6, 2016 Federal Register (81 FR 61538), the Department of Health and can you drink while taking zithromax Human Services (HHS) issued a department-wide interim final rule titled “Adjustment of Civil Monetary Penalties for Inflation” that established new regulations at 45 CFR part 102 to adjust for inflation the maximum civil monetary penalty amounts for the various civil monetary penalty authorities for all agencies within the Department.

HHS took this action to comply with the Federal Civil Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act of 1990 (the Inflation Adjustment Act) (28 U.S.C. 2461 note 2(a)), as amended by the Federal Civil Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act Improvements Act of 2015 (section 701 of the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015, (Pub. L.

114-74), enacted on November 2, 2015). In addition, this September 2016 interim final rule included updates to certain agency-specific regulations to reflect the new provisions governing the adjustment of civil monetary penalties for inflation in 45 CFR part 102. One of the purposes of the Inflation Adjustment Act was to create a mechanism to allow for regular inflationary adjustments to federal civil monetary penalties.

Section 2(b)(1) of the Inflation Adjustment Act. The 2015 amendments removed an inflation update exclusion that previously Start Printed Page 55386applied to the Social Security Act as well as to the Occupational Safety and Health Act. The 2015 amendments also “reset” the inflation calculations by excluding prior inflationary adjustments under the Inflation Adjustment Act and requiring agencies to identify, for each penalty, the year and corresponding amount(s) for which the maximum penalty level or range of minimum and maximum penalties was established (that is, originally enacted by Congress) or last adjusted other than pursuant to the Inflation Adjustment Act.

In accordance with section 4 of the Inflation Adjustment Act, agencies were required to. (1) Adjust the level of civil monetary penalties with an initial “catch-up” adjustment through an interim final rulemaking (IFR) to take effect by August 1, 2016. And (2) make subsequent annual adjustments for inflation.

In the September 2016 interim final rule, HHS adopted new regulations at 45 CFR part 102 to govern adjustment of civil monetary penalties for inflation. The regulation at 45 CFR 102.1 provides that part 102 applies to each statutory provision under the laws administered by the Department of Health and Human Services concerning civil monetary penalties, and that the regulations in part 102 supersede existing HHS regulations setting forth civil monetary penalty amounts. The civil money penalties and the adjusted penalty amounts administered by all HHS agencies are listed in tabular form in 45 CFR 102.3.

In addition to codifying the adjusted penalty amounts identified in § 102.3, the HHS-wide interim final rule included several technical conforming updates to certain agency-specific regulations, including various CMS regulations, to identify their updated information, and incorporate a cross-reference to the location of HHS-wide regulations. Because the conforming changes to the Medicare provisions were part of a larger, omnibus departmental interim final rule, we inadvertently missed setting a target date for the final rule to make permanent the changes to the Medicare regulations in accordance with section 1871(a)(3)(A) of the Act and the procedures outlined in the December 2004 document. Therefore, in the January 2, 2020 Federal Register (85 FR 7), we published a document continuing the effectiveness of effect and the regular timeline for publication of the final rule for an additional year, until September 6, 2020.

Consistent with section 1871(a)(3)(C) of the Act, we are publishing this second notice of continuation extending the effectiveness of the technical conforming changes to the Medicare regulations that were implemented through interim final rule and to allow time to publish a final rule. On January 31, 2020, pursuant to section 319 of the Public Health Service Act (PHSA), the Secretary determined that a Public Health Emergency (PHE) exists for the United States to aid the nation's healthcare community in responding to buy antibiotics. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) publicly declared buy antibiotics a zithromax.

On March 13, 2020, the President declared the buy antibiotics zithromax a national emergency. This declaration, along with the Secretary's January 31, 2020 declaration of a PHE, conferred on the Secretary certain waiver authorities under section 1135 of the Act. On March 13, 2020, the Secretary authorized waivers under section 1135 of the Act, effective March 1, 2020.[] Effective July 25, 2020, the Secretary renewed the January 31, 2020 determination that was previously renewed on April 21, 2020, that a PHE exists and has existed since January 27, 2020.

The unprecedented nature of this national emergency has placed enormous responsibilities upon CMS to respond appropriately, and resources have had to be re-allocated throughout the agency in order to be responsive. Therefore, the Medicare provisions adopted in interim final regulation continue in effect and the regular timeline for publication of the final rule is extended for an additional year, until September 6, 2021. Start Signature Wilma M.

Robinson, Deputy Executive Secretary to the Department, Department of Health and Human Services. End Signature End Supplemental Information [FR Doc. 2020-19657 Filed 9-4-20.

8:45 am]BILLING CODE 4120-01-PThis document is unpublished. It is scheduled to be published on 09/18/2020. Once it is published it will be available on this page in an official form.

Until then, you can download the unpublished PDF version. Although we make a concerted effort to reproduce the original document in full on our Public Inspection pages, in some cases graphics may not be displayed, and non-substantive markup language may appear alongside substantive text. If you are using public inspection listings for legal research, you should verify the contents of documents against a final, official edition of the Federal Register.

Only official editions of the Federal Register provide legal notice to the public and judicial notice to the courts under 44 U.S.C. 1503 &. 1507.

Start Preamble generic zithromax prices Centers https://www.innovationsregion-mitteldeutschland.com/buy-kamagra-online-australia/ for Medicare &. Medicaid Services (CMS), HHS. Continuation of effectiveness and generic zithromax prices extension of timeline for publication of the final rule.

This document announces the continuation of, effectiveness of, and the extension of the timeline for publication of a final rule. We are issuing this document in accordance with section 1871(a)(3)(C) of the Social Security Act (the Act), which allows an interim final rule to remain in effect after the expiration of the timeline specified in section 1871(a)(3)(B) of the Act if the Secretary publishes a notice of continuation explaining why we did not comply with the regular publication timeline. Effective September 4, 2020, the Medicare provisions adopted in the interim final rule published on September 6, 2016 (81 FR 61538), continue in effect and the regular timeline for publication of the final rule is extended for an additional year, until September 6, generic zithromax prices 2021.

Start Further Info Steve Forry (410) 786-1564 or Jaqueline Cipa (410) 786-3259. End Further Info End Preamble Start Supplemental Information Section 1871(a) of the Social Security Act (the Act) sets forth certain procedures for promulgating regulations necessary to carry out the administration of the insurance programs under Title XVIII of the Act. Section 1871(a)(3)(A) of the Act requires the generic zithromax prices Secretary, in consultation with the Director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), to establish a regular timeline for the publication of final regulations based on the previous publication of a proposed rule or an interim final rule.

In accordance with section 1871(a)(3)(B) of the Act, such timeline may vary among different rules, based on the complexity of the rule, the number and scope of the comments received, and other relevant factors. However, the timeline for publishing the final rule, cannot exceed 3 years from the date of publication of the proposed or interim final rule, unless there are exceptional circumstances. After consultation with the Director of OMB, the Secretary published a generic zithromax prices document, which appeared in the December 30, 2004 Federal Register on (69 FR 78442), establishing a general 3-year timeline for publishing Medicare final rules after the publication of a proposed or interim final rule.

Section 1871(a)(3)(C) of the Act states that upon expiration of the regular timeline for the publication of a final regulation after opportunity for public comment, a Medicare interim final rule shall not continue in effect unless the Secretary publishes a notice of continuation of the regulation that includes an explanation of why the regular timeline was not met. Upon publication of such notice, the regular timeline for publication of the final regulation is treated as having been extended for 1 additional year. On September 6, 2016 Federal Register (81 FR 61538), the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) issued a department-wide interim final rule titled “Adjustment of generic zithromax prices Civil Monetary Penalties for Inflation” that established new regulations at 45 CFR part 102 to adjust for inflation the maximum civil monetary penalty amounts for the various civil monetary penalty authorities for all agencies within the Department.

HHS took this action to comply with the Federal Civil Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act of 1990 (the Inflation Adjustment Act) (28 U.S.C. 2461 note 2(a)), as amended by the Federal Civil Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act Improvements Act of 2015 (section 701 of the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015, (Pub. L.

114-74), enacted on November 2, 2015). In addition, this September 2016 interim final rule included updates to certain agency-specific regulations to reflect the new provisions governing the adjustment of civil monetary penalties for inflation in 45 CFR part 102. One of the purposes of the Inflation Adjustment Act was to create a mechanism to allow for regular inflationary adjustments to federal civil monetary penalties.

Section 2(b)(1) of the Inflation Adjustment Act. The 2015 amendments removed an inflation update exclusion that previously Start Printed Page 55386applied to the Social Security Act as well as to the Occupational Safety and Health Act. The 2015 amendments also “reset” the inflation calculations by excluding prior inflationary adjustments under the Inflation Adjustment Act and requiring agencies to identify, for each penalty, the year and corresponding amount(s) for which the maximum penalty level or range of minimum and maximum penalties was established (that is, originally enacted by Congress) or last adjusted other than pursuant to the Inflation Adjustment Act.

In accordance with section 4 of the Inflation Adjustment Act, agencies were required to. (1) Adjust the level of civil monetary penalties with an initial “catch-up” adjustment through an interim final rulemaking (IFR) to take effect by August 1, 2016. And (2) make subsequent annual adjustments for inflation.

In the September 2016 interim final rule, HHS adopted new regulations at 45 CFR part 102 to govern adjustment of civil monetary penalties for inflation. The regulation at 45 CFR 102.1 provides that part 102 applies to each statutory provision under the laws administered by the Department of Health and Human Services concerning civil monetary penalties, and that the regulations in part 102 supersede existing HHS regulations setting forth civil monetary penalty amounts. The civil money penalties and the adjusted penalty amounts administered by all HHS agencies are listed in tabular form in 45 CFR 102.3.

In addition to codifying the adjusted penalty amounts identified in § 102.3, the HHS-wide interim final rule included several technical conforming updates to certain agency-specific regulations, including various CMS regulations, to identify their updated information, and incorporate a cross-reference to the location of HHS-wide regulations. Because the conforming changes to the Medicare provisions were part of a larger, omnibus departmental interim final rule, we inadvertently missed setting a target date for the final rule to make permanent the changes to the Medicare regulations in accordance with section 1871(a)(3)(A) of the Act and the procedures outlined in the December 2004 document. Therefore, in the January 2, 2020 Federal Register (85 FR 7), we published a document continuing the effectiveness of effect and the regular timeline for publication of the final rule for an additional year, until September 6, 2020.

Consistent with section 1871(a)(3)(C) of the Act, we are publishing this second notice of continuation extending the effectiveness of the technical conforming changes to the Medicare regulations that were implemented through interim final rule and to allow time to publish a final rule. On January 31, 2020, pursuant to section 319 of the Public Health Service Act (PHSA), the Secretary determined that a Public Health Emergency (PHE) exists for the United States to aid the nation's healthcare community in responding to buy antibiotics. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) publicly declared buy antibiotics a zithromax.

On March 13, 2020, the President declared the buy antibiotics zithromax a national emergency. This declaration, along with the Secretary's January 31, 2020 declaration of a PHE, conferred on the Secretary certain waiver authorities under section 1135 of the Act. On March 13, 2020, the Secretary authorized waivers under section 1135 of the Act, effective March 1, 2020.[] Effective July 25, 2020, the Secretary renewed the January 31, 2020 determination that was previously renewed on April 21, 2020, that a PHE exists and has existed since January 27, 2020.

The unprecedented nature of this national emergency has placed enormous responsibilities upon CMS to respond appropriately, and resources have had to be re-allocated throughout the agency in order to be responsive. Therefore, the Medicare provisions adopted in interim final regulation continue in effect and the regular timeline for publication of the final rule is extended for an additional year, until September 6, 2021. Start Signature Wilma M.

Robinson, Deputy Executive Secretary to the Department, Department of Health and Human Services. End Signature End Supplemental Information [FR Doc. 2020-19657 Filed 9-4-20.

8:45 am]BILLING CODE 4120-01-PThis document is unpublished. It is scheduled to be published on 09/18/2020. Once it is published it will be available on this page in an official form.

Until then, you can download the unpublished PDF version. Although we make a concerted effort to reproduce the original document in full on our Public Inspection pages, in some cases graphics may not be displayed, and non-substantive markup language may appear alongside substantive text. If you are using public inspection listings for legal research, you should verify the contents of documents against a final, official edition of the Federal Register.

Only official editions of the Federal Register provide legal notice to the public and judicial notice to the courts under 44 U.S.C. 1503 &. 1507.

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All doctoral students strive for the day—after years of often all-consuming study—that their zithromax 500mg tablet thesis is ready to submit. For both doctoral students and supervisors there is often trepidation about whether the thesis will meet the criteria to merit the award of a Doctor zithromax 500mg tablet of Philosophy (PhD). As anxieties increase, doctoral students often ask what makes a good PhD, something we explored in a recent ‘Research Made Simple’ article,1 but perhaps the more important question is ‘what makes a PhD student successful?. €™ In this article we outline the core criteria on which PhD theses are judged and offer suggestions for achieving success.How are zithromax 500mg tablet PhDs assessedTraditionally, a PhD involves 3 to 4 years of full-time study (or a longer part-time programme), which is assessed by the student submitting the work they have undertaken as a thesis or—less commonly—a portfolio of published papers and an associated narrative (sometimes referred to as ‘PhD by publication’). In addition, the student must undertake an oral defence of their work through a discussion (the ‘viva’) with examiners, who are deemed to be experts in the field of study or with related methodological expertise.2A thesis is a self-contained monograph written by the student which:Sets out the problem and context of the research, including theoretical perspectives.Outlines existing approaches that have addressed the problem or related issues before, typically by undertaking a thorough critical analysis of literature and identifying a gap in the evidence.Justifies and critically evaluates the research methodologies and methods chosen to address the problem.Presents the finding of the research and how they add to existing knowledge.Makes recommendations as to how the findings can advance the discipline and improve practice, and/or suggest further research directions.What criteria are used to assess a PhD thesis?.

The core criteria for PhD success—ubiquitous to all disciplines and universities—are that the student;Has made an original and significant contribution to knowledge of the topic under investigation;Draws on a well-argued and cohesive conceptual/theoretical framework;Demonstrates the ability to critically evaluate and justify the research methodology and methods adopted;Can convey information (written and verbally) succinctly;Produces a thesis is of sufficient rigour that the work is evaluated as zithromax 500mg tablet publishable in relevant discipline-specific journal(s).Table 1 highlights some of the key ingredients of PhD success, in terms of the study, thesis and viva.View this table:Table 1 Key principles to PhD study successJustifying methodsThe justification of methodological choices is usually presented in a distinct chapter that typically has two components. First, a ‘big picture’ description of the theoretical perspective and methodological justification (sometimes called the research approach), followed by an account of procedure (methods) of how the research was zithromax 500mg tablet undertaken.Critical writingAn essential criterion expected from examiners is that students demonstrate criticality in the way they present and defend information. This can be a challenge, and many PhD students perceive that there is little guidance about how to develop effective arguments and few opportunities to develop critical writing skills.2 3 Similar to developing knowledge and understanding of research methods, students need the knowledge and skills for effective oral communication of ideas and writing.3The student must be able to write succinctly and critically to produce a robust and coherent thesis.2 4 A thesis should open with a clear outline of the problem, informing the reader what the thesis about and why the topic is important. It should detail what contexts and perspectives are relevant and offer an outline to the layout of zithromax 500mg tablet the thesis. In all chapters, students should consider the following:Use of ‘signposts’ to tell the reader where they are going to go, summarising afterwards and providing appropriate links throughout.Meaningful headings.

The content of chapters and sections need to reflect the heading.Avoidance of vague terms or superfluous words, keeping sentences clear and focussed.Paragraphs that are distinct enough to explore and evaluate a clear issue but linked well enough to zithromax 500mg tablet enhance the flow of the thesis. A general rule of thumb is that a paragraph should zithromax 500mg tablet be about half a page. Any less and there is limited criticality, any longer and there is a tendency to ramble, lose focus and cause the reader to become disengaged.A PhD is not about how much the student can write. It is about how well they articulate and critically analyse information.Critical writing at zithromax 500mg tablet Doctoral level is essential to establish the quality of the research and the credibility of the researcher. A good thesis creates a portrait of an authoritative and competent researcher, and critical writing is crucial zithromax 500mg tablet for building the examiners’ confidence in the research undertaken.Publishable standard of the workPublishing in refereed journals and conferences is the traditional way in which the research community disseminates findings and builds knowledge, although there is increasing recognition of the role of social media platforms as a means of rapidly sharing knowledge.

Refereed journals use recognised standards (such as the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) guidelines for trials)5 and rigorous review processes to assess the quality of a research paper, which must be met for successful publication. It is therefore unsurprising that zithromax 500mg tablet many examiners view a thesis more favourably if a student provides evidence of having published elements of their work.6Summary of key considerationsUnlike undergraduate assessment, there is a paucity of research exploring the assessment of PhDs. However, a study that explored the process and judgements of experienced examiners,6 provided a valuable summary of the characteristics of a poor and excellent thesis (table 2).View this table:Table 2 Characteristics of a poor and excellent thesis6ConclusionThis article has outlined some of the steps that a PhD student should consider in order to produce a high-quality thesis and ensure a successful viva. We have considered how it is important that decision-making is zithromax 500mg tablet transparent in the thesis, and defendable in the oral defence/viva. A PhD thesis should show evidence of originality and theoretical/conceptual cohesiveness, communicated via the student’s critical writing ability.

The thesis and defence provide zithromax 500mg tablet students with the opportunity to share their knowledge and expertise in the field, offers them a methodological stage and gives the platform to share their critical perceptions, experiences and expertise.Commentary on. Carlton E, Kohne zithromax 500mg tablet J, Shankar-Hari, et al. Readmission diagnoses after paediatric severe sepsis hospitalisation. Crit Care Med 2019;47:583–90.Implications for practice and researchChildren with coexisting comorbidities when discharged following severe sepsis have a higher rate of readmission as compared with matched hospitalisations for other acute medical conditions.There is a need for internationally agreed evidence-based guidelines/consensus zithromax 500mg tablet paper to minimise post-sepsis readmissions through identification of potentially preventable factors, appropriate discharge criteria and parental education.More research is required into strategies towards prevention of readmissions following discharge after an episode of severe sepsis in children.ContextSepsis is a leading cause of avoidable death across all age groups.1 Attempts have been made to streamline the management pathways in the UK and elsewhere through publication of national guidelines.1 While robust guidelines exist for management of initial sepsis episodes, strategies to identify and prevent readmissions are necessary. This ….

All doctoral generic zithromax prices Buy propecia australia students strive for the day—after years of often all-consuming study—that their thesis is ready to submit. For both doctoral students and supervisors generic zithromax prices there is often trepidation about whether the thesis will meet the criteria to merit the award of a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD). As anxieties increase, doctoral students often ask what makes a good PhD, something we explored in a recent ‘Research Made Simple’ article,1 but perhaps the more important question is ‘what makes a PhD student successful?. €™ In this article we outline the core criteria on which PhD theses are judged and offer suggestions for achieving success.How are PhDs assessedTraditionally, a PhD involves 3 to 4 years of full-time study (or a longer part-time programme), which is assessed by the student submitting the work they have undertaken as a thesis generic zithromax prices or—less commonly—a portfolio of published papers and an associated narrative (sometimes referred to as ‘PhD by publication’). In addition, the student must undertake an oral defence of their work through a discussion (the ‘viva’) with examiners, who are deemed to be experts in the field of study or with related methodological expertise.2A thesis is a self-contained monograph written by the student which:Sets out the problem and context of the research, including theoretical perspectives.Outlines existing approaches that have addressed the problem or related issues before, typically by undertaking a thorough critical analysis of literature and identifying a gap in the evidence.Justifies and critically evaluates the research methodologies and methods chosen to address the problem.Presents the finding of the research and how they add to existing knowledge.Makes recommendations as to how the findings can advance the discipline and improve practice, and/or suggest further research directions.What criteria are used to assess a PhD thesis?.

The core criteria for PhD success—ubiquitous to generic zithromax prices all disciplines and universities—are that the student;Has made an original and significant contribution to knowledge of the topic under investigation;Draws on a well-argued and cohesive conceptual/theoretical framework;Demonstrates the ability to critically evaluate and justify the research methodology and methods adopted;Can convey information (written and verbally) succinctly;Produces a thesis is of sufficient rigour that the work is evaluated as publishable in relevant discipline-specific journal(s).Table 1 highlights some of the key ingredients of PhD success, in terms of the study, thesis and viva.View this table:Table 1 Key principles to PhD study successJustifying methodsThe justification of methodological choices is usually presented in a distinct chapter that typically has two components. First, a ‘big picture’ description of the theoretical perspective and methodological justification (sometimes called the research approach), followed by an account of procedure (methods) of how the research was undertaken.Critical writingAn essential criterion expected from examiners is that students demonstrate criticality in the way they present generic zithromax prices and defend information. This can be a challenge, and many PhD students perceive that there is little guidance about how to develop effective arguments and few opportunities to develop critical writing skills.2 3 Similar to developing knowledge and understanding of research methods, students need the knowledge and skills for effective oral communication of ideas and writing.3The student must be able to write succinctly and critically to produce a robust and coherent thesis.2 4 A thesis should open with a clear outline of the problem, informing the reader what the thesis about and why the topic is important. It should detail what contexts and perspectives are generic zithromax prices relevant and offer an outline to the layout of the thesis. In all chapters, students should consider the following:Use of ‘signposts’ to tell the reader where they are going to go, summarising afterwards and providing appropriate links throughout.Meaningful headings.

The content of chapters and sections need to reflect the heading.Avoidance of vague terms or superfluous words, keeping sentences clear and focussed.Paragraphs that are distinct enough to explore and evaluate a clear issue but linked well enough to enhance the flow of the thesis generic zithromax prices. A general rule of thumb generic zithromax prices is that a paragraph should be about half a page. Any less and there is limited criticality, any longer and there is a tendency to ramble, lose focus and cause the reader to become disengaged.A PhD is not about how much the student can write. It is about how well they articulate and critically analyse information.Critical generic zithromax prices writing at Doctoral level is essential to establish the quality of the research and the credibility of the researcher. A good thesis creates a portrait of an authoritative and generic zithromax prices competent researcher, and critical writing is crucial for building the examiners’ confidence in the research undertaken.Publishable standard of the workPublishing in refereed journals and conferences is the traditional way in which the research community disseminates findings and builds knowledge, although there is increasing recognition of the role of social media platforms as a means of rapidly sharing knowledge.

Refereed journals use recognised standards (such as the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) guidelines for trials)5 and rigorous review processes to assess the quality of a research paper, which must be met for successful publication. It is therefore unsurprising generic zithromax prices that many examiners view a thesis more favourably if a student provides evidence of having published elements of their work.6Summary of key considerationsUnlike undergraduate assessment, there is a paucity of research exploring the assessment of PhDs. However, a study that explored the process and judgements of experienced examiners,6 provided a valuable summary of the characteristics of a poor and excellent thesis (table 2).View this table:Table 2 Characteristics of a poor and excellent thesis6ConclusionThis article has outlined some of the steps that a PhD student should consider in order to produce a high-quality thesis and ensure a successful viva. We have considered how it is generic zithromax prices important that decision-making is transparent in the thesis, and defendable in the oral defence/viva. A PhD thesis should show evidence of originality and theoretical/conceptual cohesiveness, communicated via the student’s critical writing ability.

The thesis and defence provide students with the opportunity to share their generic zithromax prices knowledge and expertise in the field, offers them a methodological stage and gives the platform to share their critical perceptions, experiences and expertise.Commentary on. Carlton E, Kohne generic zithromax prices J, Shankar-Hari, et al. Readmission diagnoses after paediatric severe sepsis hospitalisation. Crit Care generic zithromax prices Med 2019;47:583–90.Implications for practice and researchChildren with coexisting comorbidities when discharged following severe sepsis have a higher rate of readmission as compared with matched hospitalisations for other acute medical conditions.There is a need for internationally agreed evidence-based guidelines/consensus paper to minimise post-sepsis readmissions through identification of potentially preventable factors, appropriate discharge criteria and parental education.More research is required into strategies towards prevention of readmissions following discharge after an episode of severe sepsis in children.ContextSepsis is a leading cause of avoidable death across all age groups.1 Attempts have been made to streamline the management pathways in the UK and elsewhere through publication of national guidelines.1 While robust guidelines exist for management of initial sepsis episodes, strategies to identify and prevent readmissions are necessary. This ….

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Overseas aid - with Zonya Jeffrey Zonya Jeffrey has a unique role as a senior Bayer levitra price microbiologist in a busy 24/7 laboratory at Manchester University NHS Foundation can you drink on zithromax Trust. It involves diagnostic bench work isolating, identifying and antibiotic susceptibility testing of bacteria and parasites, and training and development of students, trainees, and staff. We asked Zonya to tell us what a typical day looks like before moving on to some of the more unusual days!. Including one where she had can you drink on zithromax to stay behind to manage an outbreak in a nursing home. Zonya also addressed Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) – i.e.

Does she come across s not treatable with regular antibiotics, and if so, how often?. Next, we moved can you drink on zithromax on to her overseas projects working in labs in Tanzania and Sierra Leone. The World Health Organization (WHO) recently reported that Tanzania accounted for 5% of global deaths from Malaria in 2019 – which is approximately 20,500 deaths. Zonya spent four years in Tanzania as a laboratory technologist and Biomedical Scientist with the Voluntary Service Overseas (VSO). VSO sent her group to set up a new microbiology laboratory and train and staff in basic can you drink on zithromax tests and techniques.

Hoping to give something back to the community she had been part of, Zonya, her sister and her friend established the charity 'Child Aid Tanzania'. It aims to support mothers &. Their babies and children in families living in communities affected by HIV/AIDS and Malaria can you drink on zithromax. They provide anti-malaria bed nets and help fund child education. Zonya then told us about a WHO project in Sierra Leone she was involved with to combat Cholera.

You'd be testing hundreds of slides a day for Malaria can you drink on zithromax. Our thoughts were what can we do to help a community that we lived in for more than four years. The first thing we did was to provide new mosquito bednets for new mothers at hospitals, children and the most vulnerable. We also provide education like fundraising for desks can you drink on zithromax and school uniforms for primary school children. Zonya also discussed her IBMS council objectives, how the zithromax has impacted her lab in Manchester, work with the BBC, and finally faced our quick-fire round!.

LabLife with Akinola and Olubukola Adewunmi We catch up with Akin and Olu Adewunmi, husband &. Wife Biomedical Scientists at can you drink on zithromax Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Trust. The pair recently won the 2021 Health and Wellbeing Advocate award from the National BAME Health &. Care Awards for their exceptional work running their charity Path Lab Support, which is dedicated to educating the public about Sickle Cell Disease and encouraging blood donations from BAME communities. They talk to us about the experience and challenges of their charitable work and what can you drink on zithromax it is like to be recognised with a national award.

I would advise my colleagues, biomedical scientists, to not limit our area skills to the four walls of the laboratory alone. Let's think beyond the box and use our area skills to create social action projects that benefit our communities Akin &. Olu have both also recently published can you drink on zithromax books. Akin's book, Beyond The WorkPlace, guides scientists and others to use their career skills to inspire and create change in their communities. In Olu's book Take Hold Of Your Life, Olu relates her experience as a councillor to give advice for empowering one's self.

In the spirit of Olu & can you drink on zithromax. Akin's work, we would also like to promote that World Blood Donor Day is coming up on 14th June. Visit www.blood.co.uk to find out how to get involved. How to listen To listen to any of our podcasts, series 1 and 2, can you drink on zithromax as well as subscribe to future episodes, visit. Episode outline 0:20 – IBMS News 2:06 – Feature Interview with Zonya Jeffrey 2:30 - Part 1.

Microbiology in Manchester – including an introduction to Zonya and her work, typical day, most memorable outbreaks, training &. Education and AMR in can you drink on zithromax the lab. 10:44 – Part 2. Overseas Aid in Tanzania &. Sierra Leone - including work can you drink on zithromax alongside Swiss Tropical Institute as Laboratory Technologist, setting-up charity Child Aid Tanzania, discussion of Malaria &.

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The pair recently won the 2021 Health and Wellbeing generic zithromax prices Advocate award from the National BAME Health &. Care Awards for their exceptional work running their charity Path Lab Support, which is dedicated to educating the public about Sickle Cell Disease and encouraging blood donations from BAME communities. They talk to us about the experience and challenges of their charitable work and what it is like to be recognised with a national award. I would advise my colleagues, biomedical scientists, to not limit our area skills generic zithromax prices to the four walls of the laboratory alone.

Let's think beyond the box and use our area skills to create social action projects that benefit our communities Akin &. Olu have both also recently published books. Akin's book, Beyond The generic zithromax prices WorkPlace, guides scientists and others to use their career skills to inspire and create change in their communities. In Olu's book Take Hold Of Your Life, Olu relates her experience as a councillor to give advice for empowering one's self.

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Episode outline 0:20 – IBMS News 2:06 – Feature Interview with generic zithromax prices Zonya Jeffrey 2:30 - Part 1. Microbiology in Manchester – including an introduction to Zonya and her work, typical day, most memorable outbreaks, training &. Education and AMR in the lab. 10:44 – Part 2 generic zithromax prices.

Overseas Aid in Tanzania &. Sierra Leone - including work alongside Swiss Tropical Institute as Laboratory Technologist, setting-up charity Child Aid Tanzania, discussion of Malaria &. HIV situation and possibility for solutions in Tanzania and World generic zithromax prices Health Organisation Cholera project in Sierra Leone. 22:28 - Part 3.

Impact of the zithromax, Council and BBC - including IBMS Council goals, the impact of the zithromax on her lab and Science Exhibitor with the BBC. 28:30 generic zithromax prices – Quick-fire Round. Most important measure to prevent buy antibiotics transmission. Largest threat to global health aside from buy antibiotics.

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Part 2 Part 3 LabLife with Akinola and Olubukola Adewunmi:11 June 2021 The Chief Scientific Officer invites members to take part in this DHSC consultation. The Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC) is seeking views on proposals to reform the regulation of healthcare professionals and to introduce statutory regulation of physician and anaesthesia associates. This consultation closes at 11:45pm generic zithromax prices on Wednesday 16 June 2021. The UK model of regulation for healthcare professionals is rigid and complex and needs to change to better protect patients and service users, support our health services and to help the workforce meet future challenges.

This consultation seeks views on proposals to modernise the legislation of the healthcare professional regulators. The proposals have been developed in partnership with the professional regulatory bodies, the Professional Standards Authority for Health and Social Care and tested with key stakeholders across the health and care system. The proposed reforms cover four key areas. These are.